Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
Astronomers and astrologers
Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777)
Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806)
Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850)
Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864)
Al-Marwazi (d. 869)
Al-Farghani (d. 870)
Al-Mahani (d. 880)
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
Dīnawarī (d. 896)
Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century)
Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century)
Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century)
Al-Nayrizi (d. 922)
Al-Battani (d. 929)
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971)
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986)
Al-Saghani (d. 990)
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998)
Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000)
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000)
Al-Majriti (d. 1007)
Ibn Yunus (d. 1009)
Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029)
Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036)
Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037)
Ibn Sina (d. 1037)
Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040)
Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048)
Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061)
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087)
Omar Khayyám (d. 1131)
Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138)
Ibn Tufail (d. 1185)
Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
Al-Khazini (d. 12th century)
Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204)
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213)
Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266)
Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274)
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310)
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311)
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346)
Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375)
Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429)
Ulugh Beg (d. 1449)
Ali Qushji (d. 1474)
Physiologists
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery
Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception
Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time
Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease
Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture
Chemists and alchemists
Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765)
Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber)
Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics
Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman)
Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus)
Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
Avicenna (980–1037)
Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130)
Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274)
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
Economists and social scientists
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Geographers and earth scientists
Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science
al-Hamdani
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy, geology and Anthropology
Avicenna
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn Jubayr
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians
Ali Qushji
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra and algorithms
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Al-Battani (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg
Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)
Philosophers
Al-Kindi
Averroes
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Al-Farabi
Avicenna
Ibn Arabi
Rumi
Jami
Ibn Khaldun
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Physicists and engineers
Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani (d. 990)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics, and experimental physics
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
See also
List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars