List of concurrent and parallel programming languages


List of concurrent and parallel programming languages


This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).

The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.

Coordination languages

  • CnC (Concurrent Collections)
  • Glenda
  • Linda coordination language
  • Millipede

Dataflow programming

  • CAL
  • E (also object-oriented)
  • Joule (also distributed)
  • LabVIEW (also synchronous, also object-oriented)
  • Lustre (also synchronous)
  • Preesm (also synchronous)
  • Signal (also synchronous)
  • SISAL
  • BMDFM

Distributed computing

  • Bloom
  • Emerald
  • Hermes
  • Julia
  • Limbo
  • MPD
  • Oz - Multi-paradigm language with particular support for constraint and distributed programming.
  • Sequoia
  • SR

Event-driven and hardware description

  • Esterel (also synchronous)
  • SystemC
  • SystemVerilog
  • Verilog
  • Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
  • VHDL

Functional programming

  • Clojure
  • Concurrent ML
  • Elixir
  • Elm
  • Erlang
  • Futhark
  • Gleam
  • Haskell
  • Id
  • MultiLisp
  • SequenceL

Logic programming

  • Constraint Handling Rules
  • Parlog
  • Prolog
  • Mercury

Monitor-based

  • Concurrent Pascal
  • Concurrent Euclid
  • Emerald

Multi-threaded

  • C=
  • Cilk
  • Cilk Plus
  • Cind
  • C#
  • Clojure
  • Concurrent Pascal
  • Emerald
  • Fork – programming language for the PRAM model.
  • Go
  • Java
  • LabVIEW
  • ParaSail
  • Rust
  • SequenceL

Object-oriented programming

  • Ada
  • C*
  • C#
  • JavaScript
  • TypeScript
  • C++ AMP
  • Charm++
  • Cind
  • D programming language
  • Eiffel SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming)
  • Emerald
  • Fortran from the ISO Fortran 2003 standard
  • Java
  • Join Java - A Java-based language with features from the join-calculus.
  • LabVIEW
  • ParaSail
  • Python
  • Ruby

Partitioned global address space (PGAS)

  • Chapel
  • Coarray Fortran (included in standard/ISO Fortran since Fortran 2008, further extensions were added with the Fortran 2018 standard)
  • Fortress
  • High Performance Fortran
  • Titanium
  • Unified Parallel C
  • X10
  • ZPL

Message passing

  • Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
  • Rust
  • Smalltalk: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29 

Actor model

  • Axum - a domain-specific language being developed by Microsoft.
  • Dart - using Isolates
  • Elixir (runs on BEAM, the Erlang virtual machine)
  • Erlang
  • Pony (programming language)
  • Janus
  • Red
  • SALSA
  • Scala/Akka (toolkit)
  • Smalltalk
  • Akka.NET
  • LabVIEW - LabVIEW Actor Framework

CSP-based

  • Alef
  • Crystal
  • Ease
  • FortranM
  • Go
  • JCSP
  • JoCaml
  • Joyce
  • Limbo (also distributed)
  • Newsqueak
  • Occam
  • Occam-π – a derivative of Occam that integrates features from the pi-calculus
  • PyCSP
  • SuperPascal
  • XC – a C-based language, integrating features from Occam, developed by XMOS

APIs/frameworks

These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.

  • Apache Beam
  • Apache Flink
  • Apache Hadoop
  • Apache Spark
  • CUDA
  • OpenCL
  • OpenHMPP
  • OpenMP for C, C++, and Fortran (shared memory and attached GPUs)
  • Message Passing Interface for C, C++, and Fortran (distributed computing)
  • SYCL

See also

  • Concurrent computing
  • List of concurrent programming languages
  • Parallel programming model

References


Text submitted to CC-BY-SA license. Source: List of concurrent and parallel programming languages by Wikipedia (Historical)



 
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