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Outline of history

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to history:

History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented (the beginning of recorded history).

Nature of history

History can be described as all of the following:

Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to – or received by – a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.
- one of the humanities – academic discipline that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
Field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many sociology-related scientific journals.
- Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Essence of history

Chronology – science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as in historical timelines.
Past – totality of events which occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience time, and is accessed through memory and recollection. The past is the domain of history.
Time – measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions. History describes what happened where, but also when (in time) those events took place.

Historical disciplines

Archaeology – study of past human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data
Archontology – study of historical offices and important positions in state, international, political, religious and other organizations and societies
Art history – study of changes in and social context of art
Chronology – locating events in time
Cultural history – study of culture in the past
Diplomatic history – study of the historical foreign policy and diplomacy of states
History of science – study of the emergence and development of scientific inquiry
Economic history – the study of economics in the past
Environmental history – study of natural history and the human relationship with the natural world
Futurology – study of the future: researches the medium to long-term future of societies and of the physical world
Historiography – both the study of the methodology of historians and development of history as a discipline, and also to a body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches.
History painting – painting of works of art having historical motifs or depicting great events
Intellectual history
Local history – study of history in a geographically local context
Military history – study of warfare and wars in history
Naval history – branch of military history devoted to warfare at sea or in bodies of water
Paleography – study of ancient texts
Philosophy of history – philosophical study of history and its discipline.
Political history – study of past political events, ideas, movements, and leaders
Public history – presentation of history to public audiences and other areas typically outside academia
Psychohistory – study of the psychological motivations of historical events
Social history – study of societies and social trends in the past
Universal history – study of trends and dynamics in world history
Urban history – historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization
Women's history – study of the roles of women throughout history
World history – study of global or transnational historical patterns

Auxiliary sciences of history

Auxiliary sciences of history – scholarly disciplines which help evaluate and use historical sources and are seen as auxiliary for historical research. Auxiliary sciences of history include, but are not limited to:

Archeology – study of ancient and historic sites and artifacts
Chronology – study of the sequence of past events
Cliometrics – systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of history
Codicology – study of books as physical objects
Diplomatics – study and textual analysis of historical documents
Epigraphy – study of ancient inscriptions
Faleristics – study of military orders, decorations and medals
Genealogy – study of family relationships
Heraldry – study of armorial devices
Numismatics – study of coins
Onomastics – study of proper names
Paleography – study of old handwriting
Philately – study of postage stamps
Philology – study of the language of historical sources
Prosopography – investigation of a historical group of individuals through a collective study of their lives
Radiocarbon dating – assignation of dates to artefacts from the distant past
Sigillography – study of seals
Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of (historical) data
Toponymy – study of place-names

History by period

History of Earth
Human history
News

History by chronology

Chronology of the Universe
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geological history of Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Human history
Universal history
- Ancient history
  - Prehistory
  - Classical antiquity
- Post-classical history
- Modern history
  - Early modern period
  - Late modern period
  - Contemporary history
Pre-Columbian
- Mesoamerican chronology
Renaissance
Future history

Ages of history

Prehistoric Ages

Stone Age
- Paleolithic
  - Lower Paleolithic – (Homo, Stone tools, spread of Homo Erectus to Eurasia, control of fire, and later spears, pigments, constructed shelter)
  - Middle Paleolithic – (Recent African origin of modern humans, Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis; clothing, beads, burial, bedding, bone tools)
  - Upper Paleolithic – (behavioral modernity, atlatl, domestication of dogs)
- Mesolithic – (microliths, bow, canoes)
- Neolithic – (domestication, nomadic pastoralism, agriculture, proto-cities)
  - Stone Age Levant
    - Tell Halaf
    - Ubaid period
  - Neolithic Europe – (Linear Pottery, Vinča culture)
  - Neolithic China
  - Neolithic South Asia
    - Mehrgarh
  - Paleo-Indians (Americas)
- Chalcolithic (Copper Age) – (Yamna culture, Corded Ware)
  - Uruk period
  - Europe – (Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica)

Historic Ages

Ancient Age
- Bronze Age
- Iron Age
Postclassical Age (Middle Ages)
- Early Middle Ages
- High Middle Ages
- Late Middle Ages
Modern Age
- Early modern Age
- Late Modern Age
- Contemporary Age

Other Ages

Axial Age
Dark Age
Viking Age
Age of Discovery
Age of Reason
Age of Enlightenment
Industrial Age
Atomic Age
Information Age
Space Age

Regional histories

Regional history

Ancient Egypt
Babylonia
India
Classics
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Rome
Ancient China
Mesoamerica

History by continent and country

List of histories by country
Timeline of country and capital changes since 1001 CE
Timeline of ancient country changes before 1001 CE

Economic history by region

Military history by region

Eras by region

Era

Chinese Eras
Japanese Eras
Korean Eras
Vietnamese Eras

History by field

History of art

History of art
- History of the performing arts
  - History of dance
  - History of film
  - History of music
  - History of opera
  - History of theatre
- History of visual arts
  - History of architecture (timeline)
  - History of design
  - History of drawing
  - History of film
  - History of painting
  - History of photography
  - History of sculpture

History of culture

Cultural history
- History of archaeology (timeline)
- History of banking
- History of cooking
- History of games
  - History of chess
- History of literature
- History of money
- History of poetry
- History of sport

History of mathematics

History of mathematics (timeline)
- History of algebra
- History of arithmetic
- History of calculus
- History of geometry
- History of trigonometry
- History of logic
- History of statistics

History of philosophy

History of philosophy (timeline)
- History of ethics
  - History of normative ethics
  - History of meta-ethics
- History of humanism
- History of logic
- History of metaphysics
- History of transhumanism
- History of Western philosophy

History of religions

History of religions (timeline)
- Axial Age
- Evolutionary origin of religions
- The Bible and history
- History of Buddhism (timeline)
- History of Christianity (timeline)
  - Historical Jesus
  - History of the Catholic Church
  - History of Protestantism
    - History of the Puritans
- History of creationism
- History of Hinduism
- History of Islam (timeline)
- History of Judaism
- History of Taoism
- History of Wicca

History of science

History of science
- History of science in general
  - History of scientific method
  - Theories/sociology of science
  - Historiography
  - History of pseudoscience
- By era
  - History of science in early cultures
  - History of science in Classical Antiquity
  - History of science in the Middle Ages
  - History of science in the Renaissance
  - Scientific revolution
- History of natural science
  - History of biology
    - History of biochemistry
  - History of physical science
    - History of nature
    - History of astronomy (timeline)
    - History of chemistry
    - History of ecology
    - History of geography
    - History of geology (timeline)
    - History of meteorology (timeline)
    - History of oceanography
    - History of physics

History of social sciences

History of the social sciences
- Business history
- Historiography
- History of anthropology
- History of archaeology (timeline)
- History of criminal justice
- History of economic thought
- History of education
- History of geography
- History of linguistics
- History of management
- History of marketing
- History of political science
- History of psychology (timeline)
- History of science and technology
- History of scientific method
- History of sociology (timeline)
- Legal history (history of law)

History of technology

History of technology
- Aviation history
- History of agricultural science
- History of agriculture
- History of architecture (timeline)
- History of artificial intelligence
- History of biotechnology
- History of cartography
- History of communication
- History of computer science
  - History of programming languages (timeline)
  - History of software engineering
- History of electromagnetism
- History of engineering
  - History of chemical engineering
  - History of electrical engineering
- History of materials science
- History of measurement
- History of medicine
- History of transport
- Industrial history
- Military history
  - List of battles
  - List of wars
- Timeline of historic inventions

History of interdisciplinary fields

Classics
History of ideas

Methods and tools

Prosopography – a methodological tool for the collection of all known information about individuals within a given period
Historical revisionism – traditionally used in a completely neutral sense to describe the work or ideas of a historian who has revised a previously accepted view of a particular topic
Historiography – study of historical methodology

General concepts

Annals
Big History
Centuries
Chronicle
Chronology
Decades
Family history
Future
Future history
Genealogy
Historian
Historical classification
Historical revisionism – reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event. Though the word revisionism is sometimes used in a negative way, constant revision of history is part of the normal scholarly process of writing history.
Historical thinking – scholastic reasoning skills applied to historical content, including chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical analysis and interpretation, historical research capabilities, and historical issues analysis and decision making.
History is written by the victors
History of science and technology
- Timeline of historic inventions
- Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
- Timeline of mathematics
- Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
Identity
Landscape history
List of time periods
Marxist historiography
Millennium
Mythology
Narrative
Oral tradition
Oral history
Palaeography
Past
Periodization
Political history
Prehistory
Present
Pseudohistory
Social history
Social change
Virtual history

Historians

Herodotus
Dio Cassius
Livy
Appian
Jean Froissart
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Voltaire
Edward Gibbon
Thomas Macaulay
Alexis de Tocqueville
Arnold J. Toynbee
J. B. Bury
Will Durant
Samuel Eliot Morison
Francis Parkman

Lists

Index of history articles
Outline of archaeology
Outline of classical studies
Outline of medieval history
Outline of the Renaissance
List of historians
List of timelines

References

External links

Internet History Sourcebooks Project See also Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use.
WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue first history on the WWW, located at European University Institute
BBC History Site
History of things provides quality historical information about countries, sports, brands, music and many other facts and stuff.
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Text submitted to CC-BY-SA license. Source: Outline of history by Wikipedia (Historical)

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