The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution:
In biology, evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Also known as descent with modification. Over time these evolutionary processes lead to formation of new species (speciation), changes within lineages (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction). "Evolution" is also another name for evolutionary biology, the subfield of biology concerned with studying evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
Fundamentals about evolution
Introduction
Introduction to evolution – Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
Evolution – Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations
Evolution as fact and theory – Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
Basic principles
Macroevolution – Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
Natural speciation
Allopatric speciation – Speciation that occurs between geographically isolated populations
Peripatric speciation – Speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated smaller peripheral population
Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
Artificial speciation
Animal husbandry – Management, selective breeding, and care of farm animals by humans
Genetic engineering – Manipulation of an organism's genome
Hybrid speciation – Form of speciation involving hybridization between two different species
Despeciation – Loss of a species of animal due to its combining with another species
Anagenesis – Gradual evolutionary change in a species without splitting
Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
Artificial selection – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
Genetic drift – Concept in genetics
Subfields
Biology – Science that studies life
Evolutionary biology – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
Genetics – Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms
Biogeography – Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
Ecological genetics – Study of genetics in natural populations
Evolutionary biology – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
Evolutionary ecology – Interaction of biology and evolution
Evolutionary physiology – Study of changes in physiological characteristics
Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
Experimental evolution – Use of laboratory and field experiments to explore evolutionary dynamics
Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
Paleontology – Study of life before the Holocene epoch
Paleovirology – The study of ancient viruses
Timeline of paleontology – Timeline of notable events in the sudy of ancient life
Systematics – Branch of biology
History
Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
On the Origin of Species – 1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin
Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England
Darwinism – Theory of biological evolution
History of evolutionary thought
By period or event
Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment – Changes in evolutionary philosophies
Transmutation of species – 18th and 19th-century evolutionary ideas
1860 Oxford evolution debate – Discussion about evolution in Oxford, England
Neo-Darwinism – Used to describe the combination of natural selection and genetics
The eclipse of Darwinism – Period when evolution was widely accepted, but natural selection was not
Evolutionary progress – Hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve towards some goal
Scopes Trial – 1925 US legal case in TennesseePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Modern synthesis – Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
Extended evolutionary synthesis – Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
Current research – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
By field
Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
History of evolutionary psychology
History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study of molecular evolution
History of paleontology – History of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record
Social effect of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolutionary theory and modelling
See also Basic principles (above)
Population genetics
Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
Process
Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
Selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
Artificial selection – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
Ecological selection – Natural selection without sexual selection
Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
Genetic drift – Concept in genetics
Small population size – Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
Population bottleneck – Effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population
Founder effect – Effect in population genetics
Coalescent theory – Model for tracing the history of genetic variation
Variation
Genetic variation – Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
Genetic diversity – Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
Gene frequency – The relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
Polymorphism (biology) – Occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms in the population of a species
Key concepts
Hardy-Weinberg law – Principle in genetics
Genetic linkage – Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together
Identity by descent – Identical nucleotide sequence due to inheritance without recombination from a common ancestor
Linkage disequilibrium – Allele association in population genetics
Fisher's fundamental theorem – Principle relating genetic variance to fitness
Neutral theory – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
Shifting balance theory – One version of the theory of evolution
Price equation – Description of how a trait or gene changes in frequency over time
Coefficient of relationship – Mathematical guess about inbreeding
Fitness – Expected reproductive success
Heritability – Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
Effects of selection
Genetic hitchhiking – Incidental selection of non-harmful genes which are close to a beneficial gene on the same DNA chain
Negative selection (natural selection) – Selective removal of alleles that are deleterious
Related topics
Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
Fitness landscape – Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
Genetic genealogy – DNA testing to infer relationships
Quantitative genetics – Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits
Evolutionary phenomena
Adaptation – Process that fits organisms to their environment
Adaptive radiation – A process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
Coevolution – Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
Concerted evolution
Convergent evolution – Independent evolution of similar features
List of examples of convergent evolution – Examples of separate lineages of organisms developing similar characteristics
Divergent evolution – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciation
Divergent evolution in animals – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
Evolution of biological complexity – Tendency for maximum complexity to increase over time, though without any overall direction
Evolution of multicellularity – The development of organisms that consists of more than one cell from unicellular ancestors
Evolution of photosynthesis – Origin and subsequent evolution of the process by which light energy is used to synthesize sugars
Evolution of sexual reproduction – How sexually reproducing multicellular organisms could have evolved from a common ancestor species
Evolutionary arms race – Competition of sets of genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations against each other
Evolutionary pressure – Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
Evolutionary radiation – Increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity
Evolutionary trap – Cases in which an evolved, and presumably adaptive, trait has suddenly become maladaptive
Evolvability – Capacity of a system for adaptive evolution
Exaptation – Function of trait, shifted by evolution
Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
Fitness (biology) – Expected reproductive success
Inclusive fitness – Measure of evolutionary success based on the number of offspring the individual supports
Kin selection – Evolutionary strategy favoring relatives
Reproductive success – Passing of genes on to the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes
Genetic recombination – Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
Horizontal gene transfer in evolution – Evolutionary consequences of transfer of genetic material between organisms of different taxa
Human evolution (origins of society and culture) – Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behaviorPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Inversion (evolutionary biology) – Hypothesis in developmental biology
Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
Parallel evolution – Similar evolution in distinct species
Quantum evolution – Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
Recurrent evolution – The repeated evolution of a particular character
Robustness (evolution) – Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
Modelling
Emergent evolution – Evolutionary biology
Epic of evolution – Evolutionary narrative that blends views
Evolution window – Narrow band of mutation step size that is conducive to significant evolutionary progress
Evolutionary dynamics – Study of mathematical principles in evolutionary biology
Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
Evolutionary graph theory – Approach to studying how topology affects evolution of a population
Evolutionary invasion analysis – Mathematical modeling of phenotypic evolution
Largest-scale trends in evolution – Limits of increased complexity over time
Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny
Fundamentals
Taxonomy – Science of naming, defining and classifying organisms
Alpha taxonomy – The discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species
Biological classification – The science of identifying, describing, defining and naming groups of biological organisms
Binomial nomenclature – System of identifying species of organisms using a two-part name
Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
Catalogue of life – Online database and index of taxa
Homonym (biology) – Scientific name that is identical in spelling to a name with a different type
Integrated Taxonomic Information System – Authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature – Code of scientific nomenclature for animals
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Code of scientific nomenclature
Linnaean taxonomy – Rank based classification system for organisms
Phenetics – Attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity
Species 2000 – Federated taxonomic database system for species checklists
Taxon – Grouping of biological populations
Taxonomic rank – Level in a taxonomic hierarchy
Type (biology) – Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached
Species description – Formal description of a discovered species
Systematics – Branch of biology
Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Cladistics – Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
Computational phylogenetics – Application of computational algorithms, methods and programs to phylogenetic analyses
Common descent – Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
Evidence of common descent – Common ancestor evolutionary evidence
Evolutionary grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
Lineage (evolution) – Sequence of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that form a line of descent
Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
Most recent common ancestor – Most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended
Basic concepts of phylogenetics
Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
Long branch attraction – Systematic error in phylogenetics
Clade – Group of a common ancestor and all descendants
Grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
Ghost lineage – Phylogenetic lineage that is inferred to exist but has no fossil record
Inference methods
Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Optimality criterion in which the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
Minimum evolution
Probabilistic methods
Maximum likelihood estimation – Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
Bayesian inference – Statistical method for molecular phylogenetics
Distance matrices in phylogeny – Matrices used in construction of phylogenetic trees
Neighbor joining – Bottom-up clustering method for creating phylogenetic trees
Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) – Agglomerative hierarchical clustering method
Least squares inference in phylogeny – Generation of phylogenetic trees based on an observed matrix of pairwise genetic distances
Three-taxon analysis – Cladistic based method of phylogenetic reconstruction
Current topics
PhyloCode, also known as International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature – Proposed code of nomenclature for clades
DNA barcoding – Method of species identification using a short section of DNA
Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
Phylogenetic comparative methods – Use of information on the historical relationships of lineages to test evolutionary hypotheses
Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
Phylogenetic niche conservatism – Tendency of lineage to retain ancestral traits
List of phylogenetics software – Compilation of software used to produce phylogenetic trees
Phylogenomics – Intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics
Phylogeography – Field of study
DNA phylogeny
Group Traits
Symplesiomorphy – An ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa
Apomorphy – Two concepts on heritable traitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Synapomorphy – Two concepts on heritable traitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Autapomorphy – Distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon
Group Types
Monophyly – Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species
Paraphyly – Type of taxonomic group
Polyphyly – Property of a group not united by common ancestry
Evolution of biodiversity
Biodiversity – Variety and variability of life forms
Origin and evolutionary history of life
Abiogenesis – Life arising from non-living matter
History of life
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
Evolution of organisms
Evolution of tetrapods
Evolution of tetrapods – Evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives
Evolution of dinosaurs – Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic EraPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolution of birds – Derivation of birds from a dinosaur precursor
Evolution of mammals – Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species
Evolution of cetaceans
Evolution of horses
Evolution of primates – Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
Evolution of humans – Evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of anatomically modern humans
Evolution of human intelligence – Evolution of the brain and the origin of language
Human evolutionary genetics – Study of differences between human genomes
Sexual selection in human evolution – Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humansPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Timeline of human evolution
Evolution of lemurs – History of primate evolution on Madagascar
Evolution of sirenians – Development from a Tethytherian ancestor and radiation of species
Evolution of reptiles – Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
Evolution of other animals
Evolution of brachiopods – The origin and diversification of brachiopods through geologic time
Evolution of cephalopods – Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
Evolution of fish – Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
Evolution of insects – Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
Evolution of butterflies – Origin and diversification of butterflies through geologic time
Peppered moth evolution – Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
Evolution of molluscs – The origin and diversification of molluscs through geologic time
Evolution of spiders – Origin from a chelicerate ancestor and diversification of spiders through geologic time
Evolution of plants
Evolution of plants – The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time
Evolutionary anachronism – Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
Plant evolution – Subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants
Plant evolutionary developmental biology – Study of developmental programs and patterns in plants from an evolutionary perspective
Timeline of plant evolution – Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants
Evolution of other taxa
Evolution of fungi – Origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time
Evolution of viruses – Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
Evolution of influenza – Infectious diseasePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
E. coli long-term evolution experiment – Scientific study
Evolution of cells, organs, and systems
Evolution of cells – Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
Evolution of flagella – Origin of three known varieties of flagella
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles – Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones
Evolution of nervous systems – Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
Evolution of snake venom – Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
Evolution of the brain – Overview of the evolution of the brain
Evolution of the eye – Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
Evolution of color vision – Origin and variation of colour vision across various lineages through geologic time
Evolution of color vision in primates – Loss and regain of colour vision during the evolution of primates
Immune system – Biological system protecting an organism against disease
Evolution of metabolism – Set of chemical reactions in organisms
Evolution of molecules and genes
Directed evolution – Protein engineering method
Error threshold (evolution) – Theoretical limit on rate of mutation
Gene-centered view of evolution – Theory of the "selfish gene"
Genome evolution – Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
Hologenome theory of evolution – Organism as host plus microbe community
Models of DNA evolution – Mathematical models of changing DNA
Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study of molecular evolution
Neutral theory of molecular evolution – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution – Variant of one theory of evolution
Neutral network (evolution) – Set of genes all related by point mutations that have equivalent function or fitness
RNA-based evolution – Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype
Evolution of behaviour
Co-operation (evolution) – Evolutionary process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolution of biparental care in tropical frogs – The evolution of the behaviour in frogs in which both the mother and father raise their offspring
Evolution of emotion – Study of the evolution of emotions
Evolution of empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing
Evolution of eusociality – Origins of cooperative brood care
Monogamy in animals – Natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspring
Reciprocal altruism – Form of behaviour between organisms
Evolutionary developmental psychology – Psychology field concerned with Darwinian evolution
Evolutionary developmental psychopathology – Branch of psychologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolutionary educational psychology
Evolutionary ethics – Study of evolution on morality or ethics
Evolutionary leadership theory – Analysis of leadership from an evolutionary perspective
Evolutionary musicology – Subfield of biomusicology
Evolutionary origin of religions – Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolutionary psychology of language – Study of the evolutionary history of language assuming it is a result of Darwinian adaptation
Evolutionary psychology of parenting
Evolutionary psychology of religion – Study of religious belief using evolutionary psychology principles
Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary robotics
Evolutionary systems
Sociobiology – Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior
Sociocultural evolution – Evolution of societies
Cultural evolution – Evolutionary theory of social change
Universal Darwinism – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields
Evolutionary issues
Controversy about evolution
Creation–evolution controversy – Religious rejection of evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Outline of the creation–evolution controversy – Overview of and topical guide to the creation–evolution controversy
Criticism of evolutionary psychology – Controversy in psychology
Evolutionary argument against naturalism – Philosophical argument
Level of support for evolution – Variation in support for the theory of evolution
Objections to evolution – Arguments that have been made against evolution
Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
Theology of creationism and evolution – Topic in theology
Religious and philosophical views of evolution
Acceptance of evolution by religious groups – General review of religious attitudes towards evolution
Conscious evolution – Hypothetical ability of the human species to choose what they will become
Buddhism and evolution – General review of religious attitudes towards evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Catholic Church and evolution – Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theoryPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Hindu views on evolution
Islamic views on evolution
Ahmadiyya views on evolution – Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam universally accepts a process of divinely guided evolution
Jewish views on evolution – Jewish views on evolution includes a continuum of views about the theory of evolution
Mormon views on evolution
Theistic evolution – Views that religion is compatible with science
Influence of evolutionary theory
Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
See also Applications in other disciplines
Publications and organizations concerning evolution
Books
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis – book by Julian Huxley (grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley); one of the most important books of modern evolutionary synthesis, published in 1942
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection – book by R.A. Fisher important in modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1930
Genetics and the Origin of Species – 1937 book by Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky
On the Origin of Species – seminal book by Charles Darwin concerning evolution by natural selection, first published in 1859
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist – book by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, canonical publication of modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory – technical book on macroevolutionary theory by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould
Evolutionary Biology – 1983 book by Eli C. MinkoffPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Journals
Evolution – Monthly journal in the science of evolutionary biology
Evolutionary Bioinformatics – Peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution
Evolutionary Psychology – Peer-reviewed open access academic journal
Journal of Evolutionary Biology – Bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research – Quarterly, peer reviewed, scientific journal
Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) – Series of review journals
Organizations
European Society for Evolutionary Biology – Organisation to support the study of organic evolution
Society for the Study of Evolution – Professional organization of evolutionary biologists
Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers
I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry – Research facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – Research institute based in Leipzig, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology – Research institute located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
National Evolutionary Synthesis Center – Scientific research center in Durham, North Carolina
Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeography Association – international biogeographical communityPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Evolutionary Informatics Lab – American engineer and intelligent design advocate (born 1950)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolution scholars and researchers
List of evolutionary psychologists
List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Evolutionary biology)
Prominent evolutionary biologists
Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
Theodosius Dobzhansky – Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1900–1975)
Richard Dawkins – English evolutionary biologist and author (born 1941)
Stephen Jay Gould – American biologist and historian of science (1941–2002)
J. B. S. Haldane – Geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1892–1964)
Julian Huxley – British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, author (1887–1975)
Thomas Henry Huxley – English biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)
Ronald Fisher – British polymath (1890–1962)
Ernst Mayr – German-American evolutionary biologist (1904–2005)
Alfred Russel Wallace – British naturalist (1823–1913)
Sewall Wright – American geneticist (1889–1988)
See also
Outline of biology – Outline of subdisciplines within biology
Outline of genetics – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to genetics
Biogeography – Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
Conscious evolution – Hypothetical ability of the human species to choose what they will become
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology – Interdisciplinary field of studyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Effective evolutionary time – Hypothesis offering a causal explanation of diversity gradients
Evolutionary acquisition of neural topologies – Method that evolves both the topology and weights of artificial neural networks
Evolutionary anachronism – Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
Evolutionary approaches to depression
Evolutionary argument against naturalism – Philosophical argument
Evolutionary art – Art generated by an iterated process
Evolutionary music – Audio counterpart to evolutionary art
Evolutionary baggage – Currently disadvantageous part of the genome
Evolutionary Humanism – Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalismPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolutionary informatics – Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of GodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Evolutionary landscape – Metaphor used to visualize the processes of evolution
Evolutionary Principle – The adaptation of species
Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
Extinction event – Widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth
Human extinction – Hypothetical end of the human species
Local extinction – Termination of a taxon in a region which it previously inhabited
MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis – Software for statistical analysis of molecular evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Sloshing bucket model of evolution – Theory in evolutionary biology
Spandrel (biology) – Evolutionary byproduct of some other characteristic
Speculative evolution – Science fiction genre exploring hypothetical scenarios in the evolution of life
Transitional fossil – Type of fossilized remains
External links
General information
Evolution on In Our Time at the BBC
"Evolution". New Scientist. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
"Evolution Resources from the National Academies". U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
"Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on Evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
"Evolution of Evolution – 150 Years of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"". National Science Foundation. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
Experiments concerning the process of biological evolution
Lenski RE. "Experimental Evolution – Michigan State University". Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Algorithms, games, and evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
Online lectures
Carroll SB. "The Making of the Fittest". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Stearns SC. "Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior". Archived from the original on March 23, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.