Hindustani declension

Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.

Nouns

All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.

Some masculine words ending in -ā (like pitā and kartā) retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.

Pronouns

The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns

¹ Rarely used in Urdu.

Possessive Pronouns

Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.

Postpositions

The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:

Verbs

In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.

See also

• Hindustani grammar
• Hindustani phonology
• Hindustani etymology
• Hindustani orthography

References

1. Caribbean Hindustani
2. Hindustani numerals
3. Hindustani grammar
4. Hindustani language
5. Fiji Hindi
6. Hindustani phonology
7. Hindi
8. History of Hindustani language
9. Old English grammar
10. Hindustani etymology
11. Kauravi dialect
12. Hindustani verbs
13. Hindustani kinship terms
14. Latin grammar
15. Oblique case
16. Grammatical case
17. Vocative case
18. Hindi Belt
19. Dative case
20. Old Hindi