WIPO Copyright Treaty

The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WIPO Copyright Treaty or WCT) is an international treaty on copyright law adopted by the member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1996. It provides additional protections for copyright to respond to advances in information technology since the formation of previous copyright treaties before it. As of August 2023, the treaty has 115 contracting parties. The WCT and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, are together termed WIPO "internet treaties".

History

During the earlier stages of negotiations, the WCT was seen as a protocol to the Berne Convention, constituting an update of that agreement since the 1971 Stockholm Conference. However, as any amendment to the Berne Convention required unanimous consent of all parties, the WCT was conceptualized as an additional treaty which supplemented the Berne Convention. The collapse of negotiations around the extension of the Berne Convention during the 1980s saw the shifting of the forum to the GATT, resulting in the TRIPS Agreement. Thus, the nature of any copyright treaty by the World Intellectual Property Organization became considerably narrower, being limited to addressing the challenges posed by digital technologies.

Protection granted by the Treaty

The WCT emphasizes the incentive nature of copyright protection, claiming its importance to creative endeavours. It ensures that computer programs are protected as literary works (Article 4), and that the arrangement and selection of material in databases is protected (Article 5). It provides authors of works with control over their rental and distribution in Articles 6 to 8, which they may not have under the Berne Convention alone. It also prohibits circumvention of technological measures for the protection of works (Article 11) and unauthorized modification of rights management information contained in works (Article 12).

The treaty has been criticised for being too broad (for example in its prohibition of circumvention of technical protection measures, even where such circumvention is used in the pursuit of legal and fair use rights) and for applying a "one size fits all" standard to all signatory countries, despite their widely differing stages of economic development and knowledge industry.

Implementation

The WIPO Copyright Treaty is implemented in United States law by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). By Decision 2000/278/EC of 16 March 2000, the Council of the European Union approved the treaty on behalf of the European Community. European Union Directives which largely cover the subject matter of the treaty are: Directive 91/250/EC, creating copyright protection for software; Directive 96/9/EC on copyright protection for databases; and Directive 2001/29/EC, prohibiting devices for circumventing "technical protection measures", such as digital rights management (also known as DRM).

See also

• List of parties to international copyright agreements
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
• Software patents under TRIPs Agreement
• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)
• Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

References

External links and references

• The full text of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996) (in English) in the WIPO Lex database – official website of WIPO.
  • Parties to the Treaty

1. List of parties to international copyright agreements
2. Digital Millennium Copyright Act
3. Copyright law of India
4. World Intellectual Property Organization
5. WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
6. List of countries' copyright lengths
7. Berne Convention
8. Copyright and Information Society Directive 2001
9. Copyright law of South Africa
10. WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
11. Copyright law of the European Union
12. List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright
13. Copyright
14. Copyright law of Kazakhstan
15. Limitations and exceptions to copyright
16. Marrakesh VIP Treaty
17. International copyright relations of Russia
18. Copyright law of Switzerland
19. Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances
20. Intellectual property in Ethiopia