In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science". While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

Anarchism

Political internationals

• Anarkismo (platformism and specifism)
• Informal Anarchist Federation (insurrectionary anarchism)
• International of Anarchist Federations (synthesis anarchism)
• International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
• International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)

Classical

Post-classical

Contemporary

Opposition

• Anti-anarchism
• Authoritarianism

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand

Authoritarianism

General

Other

Opposition

• Anti-fascism
• Anti-monarchism
• Decolonization

Religious variants

• Theocracy

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Communitarianism

General

Other

Regional variants

• Kibbutz
• Obshchina
• Singapore
• Zadruga

Communism

Political internationals

Authoritarian

Leninism

Marxism–Leninism

Libertarian

Marxism

Other

Opposition

• Anti-communism
  • McCarthyism
  • Pinochetism
• Anti-Marxism
• Anti-socialism

Religious variants

• Christian communism
  • Bruderhofs
  • Diggers
  • Hutterites
  • Shakers
• Islamic communism
• Jewish communism

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand

Conservatism

Political internationals

• International Democrat Union (conservatism)
• International Monarchist League (monarchism)

General

Reactionary

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

United States

Asian

European

Oceanian

Corporatism

General

Other

Religious variants

• Christian corporatism
  • Distributism

Regional variants

Western Europe

Democracy

General

Other

Direct democracy movements

Pirate politics

Political internationals

Opposition

• Anti-democratism

Religious variants

Christian democracy

Political internationals

• Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
• Christian Democrat Organization of America (Christian democracy)

General

• Distributism
  • Social credit movement
• Gremialismo
• Popularism

Other

Other

• Christian democracy
• Islamic democracy
• Jewish democracy
• Theodemocracy

Regional variants

African

• Egypt
• Morocco

Asian

American

European

Oceanian

• Australia

Environmentalism

Political internationals

• Friends of the Earth (environmentalism)
• Global Greens (green politics)
• World Ecological Parties (bright green environmentalism)

Bright green environmentalism

Deep green environmentalism

Light green environmentalism

Other

Opposition

• Anti-environmentalism
• Wise use movement

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

• South Africa

American

• United States

Asian

European

• Switzerland

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand

Fascism

Political internationals

• World Union of National Socialists (Nazism)

General

Other

Opposition

By country

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

• Rwanda
• South Africa
  • Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
  • Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging
• Togo
• Zaire

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand
  • Neo-Nazism

Identity politics

Political internationals

• International Council of Women (feminism)
• Minority Rights Group International (minority rights)
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (indigenous rights and self-determination)

Age-related rights movements

Animal-related rights movements

Disability-related rights movements

Feminism

General

Opposition

• Antifeminism

Chronological variants

Ethnic and social variants

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand

LGBT social movements

Men's movement

Regional variants

Self-determination movements

African-American

Indigenous peoples

Latin American

Separatist and supremacist movements

Ethnic

Black

• Black nationalism
• Black separatism
• Black supremacism
• Black Feminism

White

• White nationalism
• White separatism
• White supremacism
• White feminism

Regional variants

African

• South Africa

American

Asian

• Pakistan

European

• Belgium
• Bosnia, and Herzegovina
• Georgia
  • Separatism in Chechnya
  • Separatism in Dagestan
  • Separatism in Tatarstan
  • Separatism in Ural
• Serbia
• Spain
  • Basque separatism
  • Catalan separatism
• Ukraine
• United Kingdom

Oceania

• Australia
  • Tasmania

Gender

• Feminist separatism
  • Lesbian separatism
• Homonationalism
• Matriarchy
• Patriarchy

Religious variants

Student movements

General

• Anarchist free school movement
• Student activism

Regional variants

Liberalism

Political internationals

• Liberal International (liberalism)
• Transnational Radical Party (radicalism)

General

Other

Opposition

• Anti-liberalism
• Illiberal democracy

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand

Libertarianism

Political internationals

• Center for a Stateless Society (left-libertarianism)
• International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (right-libertarianism)
• International of Anarchist Federations (anarchism)
• International Union for Land Value Taxation (geoism)
• Liberty International (right-libertarianism)

Left-libertarianism

Right-libertarianism

Other

Opposition

• Anti-libertarianism

Religious variants

• Christian libertarianism
• Libertarian Christianity

Regional variants

African

• South Africa
  • Anarchism

American

United States

Asian

• Hong Kong

European

• United Kingdom
  • Anarchism
    • Anarcho-communism
    • Anarcho-naturism
    • Individualist anarchism
  • Thatcherism

Oceanian

• Australia
  • Anarchism
    • Anarcho-technocracy

Nationalism

Political internationals

• International Conference of Asian Political Parties (pan-Asianism and regionalism)
• The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (nationalism and self-determination)

General

Other

Opposition

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• New Zealand
  • Māori
  • South Island

Unification movements

Populism

Political internationals

• Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
• The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
• Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)

General

Left-wing populism

Right-wing populism

Other

Regional variants

African

• Arab Spring movement

Asian

American

European

Oceanian

• Australia
  • One Nation Party
• New Zealand
  • New Zealand First

Progressivism

Political internationals

• Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
• Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)

General

• Economic progressivism
• Social progressivism
• Techno-progressivism
• Transnational progressivism

Other

• Progressive conservatism
• Reform movement
• Social justice movement
• Technocracy movement

Opposition

• Anti-progressivism

Religious variants

• Islamic progressivism
• Progressive Christianity

Regional variants

Religio-political ideologies

Political internationals

• Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
• Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamism)
• Humanist International (humanism)
• Muslim Brotherhood (Islamism)

General

Political atheism and agnosticism

• Atheist feminism
• Marxist–Leninist atheism
• Secular humanism
• Secular liberalism
• State atheism

Political Baháʼí Faith

• New world order (Baháʼí)
  • Opposition

Political Buddhism

Political Christianity

Political Confucianism

• Neo-Confucianism
• New Confucianism

Political Hinduism

Political indigenous religions

• Maori environmentalism

Political Islam

Political Judaism

Political Neopaganism

Political Shinto

• State Shinto
  • Showa Statism

Political Sikhism

• Khalistan movement
• Sikh feminism

Political Taoism

• Huang–Lao
• Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
• Way of the Taiping

Political Zoroastrianism

• Mazdakism

Satirical and anti-politics

General

• Abstentionism
• Anti-Centrism
• Apoliticism

Other

• Dark Enlightenment
• Populism
• Anti-politics

Religious variants

• Political quietism

Regional variants

Social democracy

Political internationals

• Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
• Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
• Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
• Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)

General

Other

Opposition

• Anti-welfarism
• Lemon socialism
• Social fascism

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

• Australia
• Melanesia
• New Zealand

Socialism

Political internationals

• African Socialist International (African socialism, Pan-Africanism)
• Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism and socialism of the 21st century)
• Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
• Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)
• World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)

General

Authoritarian

Libertarian

Other

Opposition

• Anti-socialism

Religious variants

Regional variants

African

American

Asian

European

Oceanian

Syndicalism

Political internationals

• International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
• International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)

General

Other

Opposition

• Anti-unionism

Regional variants

Transhumanism

Political internationals

• Humanity+ (transhumanist politics)

General

• Anarcho-transhumanism
• Democratic transhumanism
• Libertarian transhumanism

Other

Regional variants

• United States

See also

• Direct democracy
• Ideology
• List of communist ideologies
• List of forms of government
• List of ideologies named after people
• List of political systems in France
• Participatory democracy
• Political international
• Political party
• Representative democracy
• Suffrage
  • Universal suffrage

References

Articles connexes

1. Ideology
2. Political ideologies in the United States
3. Political movement
4. List of communist ideologies
5. Journal of Political Ideologies
6. Language ideology
7. Lists of political parties
8. List of ideological symbols
9. Syncretic politics
10. Political colour
11. List of largest political parties
12. List of Hindu nationalist political parties
13. List of political parties in India
14. Religion in politics
15. List of forms of government
16. Punk ideologies
17. Political polarization
18. List of political parties in the United States
19. Left–right political spectrum
20. List of political parties by region