From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Polish Jews comprised an appreciable part of Poland's population. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known for its religious tolerance and described as Paradisus Judaeorum (Latin for "Paradise of the Jews"), had attracted tens of thousands of Jews who fled persecution from other European countries. Poland was a major spiritual and cultural center for Ashkenazi Jews.
At the start of the Second World War, Poland had the largest Jewish population in the world (over 3.3 million, some 10% of the general Polish population). The vast majority were murdered under the Nazi "Final Solution" mass-extermination program in the Holocaust in Poland during the German occupation; only 369,000 (11%) of Poland's Jews survived the War.
The list below includes persons of Jewish faith or ancestry.
Historical figures
Politicians
Menachem Begin (1913–1992), Israeli prime minister, Nobel Laureate, 1978 (born in Poland)
David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)
Naftali Bennett, Israeli prime minister and former software entrepreneur
Jakub Berman (1901–1984), Polish communist, Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), in charge of State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), the largest and the most notorious secret police force in the history of the People's Republic of Poland,
Sala Burton (1925–1987), American politician
Adam Czerniaków (1880–1942), member of Warsaw Municipal Council; Polish Senator; head of the Jewish Council under the Nazi Germans; committed suicide when the Germans requested that the children will be deported
Ludwik Dorn (b. 1954), Polish politician, a speaker of the Sejm
Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian, politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Shlomo Goren (1917–1994), Chief Rabbi of the Military Rabbinate of the IDF
Anna Komorowska, First Lady of Poland between 2010 and 2015
Julian Klaczko (1825–1906), Polish politician
Agata Kornhauser-Duda, First Lady of Poland from 2015, Jewish grandfather, not Jewish in faith
Herman Lieberman, Polish lawyer, politician and former Minister of Justice
Stefan Meller, Polish diplomat, academician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adam Michnik, Polish historian, essayist
David Miliband (b. 1965), British foreign affairs minister
Ed Miliband, British politician, Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition between 2010 and 2015
Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888–1960), British politician
Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel; father was from Warsaw
Shimon Peres (1923–2016), Israeli prime minister and president, Nobel Prize laureate (1994)
Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Yitzhak Shamir (1915–2012), Israeli prime minister (born in Poland)
Zalman Shazar, Israeli President 1963 to 1973
Stanisław Stroński (1882–1955), Polish politician (of Jewish descent)
Jerzy Urban, politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of the weekly NIE
Samuel A. Weiss (1902–1977), American politician
Shevah Weiss, political scientist, former Deputy Speaker of the Knesset
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician, founder and the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Others
Mordechai Anielewicz, leader of Jewish Combat Organization in World War II
Chajka, mistress of Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski
Morris Cohen, aide to Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen
Icchak Cukierman, leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and fighter of Warsaw Uprising
Dora Diamant (1898–1952), lover of Franz Kafka
Israel Epstein, naturalized Chinese journalist and author
Anatol Fejgin, commander of the Stalinist political police
Paweł Finder, leader of the Polish Workers' Party (1943-1944)
Gaspar da Gama (1444–ca.1510), traveler, interpreter
Bolesław Gebert, Soviet agent in the United States
Konstanty Gebert, Polish journalist
Zofia Gomułkowa, wife of Władysław Gomułka
Adam Humer, Stalinist official
Berek Joselewicz, commanded the first Jewish military formation in modern history
Marion Kozak, political activist and human rights campaigner (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Jews for Justice for Palestinians, Independent Jewish Voices), mother of David and Ed Miliband.
Meyer Lansky, American organized crime figure
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, British judge
Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919), Marxist revolutionary
John Monash, Australian general
Walenty Potocki, Polish count who converted to Judaism
Marcel Reich-Ranicki, German literary critic
Sonia Rykiel, French fashion designer
Józef Światło, Stalinist interrogator
Leopold Unger, journalist, columnist, and essayist
Ben Weider, Canadian businessman
Joe Weider, Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur
Janusz Weiss, journalist and television personality
Helena Wolińska-Brus, Stalinist prosecutor, wife of Włodzimierz Brus
L. L. Zamenhof, physician, inventor, and writer; creator of Esperanto
Sovereign Polish Armed Forces
Berek Joselewicz, Polish-Jewish Colonel in the Polish Legions of Napoleon's armies
Bernard Mond, member of the Austrio—Hungarian Army, 1914–1918; Polish soldier and officer, 1918–1939; sent to POW camp by the Germans; finished his career in the rank of Brigade General and, in command of the 6th Infantry Division (Poland), fought against the Germans in 1939
Poldek Pfefferberg, Polish soldier in 1939 saved from death by his sergeant major; Holocaust survivor; a man who inspired the book that the film Schindler's List was based on
Baruch Steinberg, Chief Rabbi of the Polish Armed Forces, murdered by the Soviet NKVD
Religious figures
Philip Ferdinand, professor of Hebrew
Christian David Ginsburg (1831–1914), Hebraist, converted to Christianity
Ridley Haim Herschell (1807–1864), missionary; moved to England
Rabbis
Rabbi Jacob ben Wolf Kranz, preacher (meggid) from Dubno
Rabbi Aaron Hart (1670–1756), rabbi
Rabbi Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm (1550–1583), co-signer of the Agunah laws; chief rabbi of Chelm
Rabbi Menachem Ziemba, Warsaw Rabbinate
Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Shapira
Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter (1798 – March 10, 1866), also known as the Chiddushei HaRim. First Gerrer Rebbe
Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (1847–1905), also known as the Sfas Emes. Gerrer Rebbe from 1870 to 1905.
Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter (December 25, 1866 – June 3, 1948), also known as the Imrei Emes. Gerrer Rebbe from 1905 to 1948.
Rabbi Yisrael Alter (October 12, 1895 – February 20, 1977), also known as the Beis Yisroel. Gerrer Rebbe from 1948 to 1977.
Rabbi Simchah Bunim Alter (April 6, 1898 – August 6, 1992), also known as the Lev Simcha. Gerrer Rebbe from 1977 to 1992.
Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Alter (June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the Pnei Menachem. Gerrer Rebbe from 1992 to 1996.
Rabbi Yaakov Aryeh Alter (b. 1939), Gerrer Rebbe from 1996 to the present
Rabbi Chanoch Heynekh HaKohen Levin of Aleksander (1798 – March 21, 1870)
Rabbi Meir Shapiro (March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), rabbi of Lublin, founder of Yeshiva Chachmei Lublin, and creator of Daf Yomi
Academics
Economists
Włodzimierz Brus
Roman Frydman
Henryk Grossman
Leonid Hurwicz, Nobel Prize winner (2007)
Michał Kalecki
Ludwik Landau
Hilary Minc (1905–1974)
Paul Rosenstein-Rodan
Mathematicians
Nachman Aronszajn
Herman Auerbach
Salomon Bochner
Samuel Dickstein
Samuel Eilenberg
Siemion Fajtlowicz
Salo Finkelstein
Mark Kac
Bronisław Knaster
Włodzimierz Kuperberg
Kazimierz Kuratowski
Leon Lichtenstein
Adolf Lindenbaum
Szolem Mandelbrojt
Benoit Mandelbrot
Edward Marczewski
Andrzej Mostowski
Emil Leon Post
Mojżesz Presburger
Stanislaw Saks
Juliusz Schauder
Hayyim Selig Slonimski
Hugo Steinhaus
Alfred Tarski
Henryk Toruńczyk
Stanislaw Ulam
Philosophers
Henri Bergson
Alain Finkielkraut
Jan Hartman
Morris Lazerowitz
Casimir Lewy
Mieczysław Maneli
Émile Meyerson
Ralph Miliband
Adam Schaff
Sciences
Zygmunt Bauman, sociologist
Leslie Brent, immunologist
Georges Charpak, physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1992)
Kasimir Fajans, physicist
Jan T. Gross, (Christian mother, Jewish father) sociologist and historian
Ludwik Hirszfeld, microbiologist and scientist
Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937), chemist and writer; Nobel Prize winner (1981)
Leopold Infeld, physicist
Hilary Koprowski, immunologist
Abraham Lempel, computer scientist
Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931), physicist; Nobel Prize winner (1907)
Itzhak Nener, jurist
Moshe Prywes (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Isidor Isaac Rabi, physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1944)
Ludwik Rajchman, Polish bacteriologist; first Chairman of UNICEF
Tadeus Reichstein, chemist, Nobel Prize winner (1950)
Józef Rotblat, physicist, nuclear disarmament activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1995)
Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine
Paweł Śpiewak, sociologist, historian, politician and director of the Jewish Historical Institute
Ary Sternfeld, founder of astronautics
Historians
Szymon Askenazy
Artur Eisenbach
Emanuel Ringelblum
Jacob Talmon (1916–1980), historian; made aliyah to Israel
Adam Ulam
Cultural figures
Artists
Jankel Adler, Polish-Jewish painter
Adolf Behrman, Polish-Jewish painter
Henryk Berlewi, Polish-Jewish painter
Alexander Bogen, painter, sculptor, stage designer, book illustrator and a commander partisan during World War II
Robert Stiller (1928-2016), writer and prolific translator into Polish from English, German and other languages
Władysław Szlengel
Włodzimierz Szymanowicz (Jewish father)
Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), poet
Leopold Tyrmand (1920-1985), writer
Aleksander Wat (1900-1967), poet
Józef Wittlin, poet
Bogdan-Dawid Wojdowski (1930-1994), writer
Yiddish-language
Sholem Asch (1880-1957), novelist and essayist
Rokhl Auerbakh (1903-1976), writer and essayist
Isaac ben Saul Chmelniker Candia (fl. 19th-century)
Solomon Ettinger (1802-1856), playwright and poet
Isaac Leib Peretz (1852-1915), author and playwright
Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-1991), author
Abraham Sutzkever (1913-2010), poet, immigrated to Israel
Aleksander Zederbaum (1816-1893), journalist
Business figures
Arthur Belfer, founder of the Belco Petroleum Corporation
Józef Blass
André Citroën, industrialist, engineer and founder of Citroën
Max Factor, Sr. (born Maksymilian Faktorowicz), founder of Max Factor & Company; half-brother of Prohibition-era gangster John Factor (born Iakov Faktorowicz)
Jona Goldrich (born Jona Goldreich), L.A.-based real estate developer
Samuel Goldwyn (1879-1974; born Szmuel Gelbfisz), founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood
Helal Hassenfeld and Henry Hassenfeld, co-founders of Hasbro (originally Hassenfeld Brothers)
Joanna Hoffman, marketing executive, one of the original members of both the Apple Computer Macintosh team and the NeXT team
Leopold Julian Kronenberg (1849-1937), banker
Henry Lowenfeld, impresario, brewer who emigrated to England
Henry Orenstein (1925-2021), American poker player and entrepreneur
Samuel Orgelbrand (1810-1896), printer and publisher
Max Ratner (born Meyer Ratowczer), real estate developer, co-founder of Forest City Enterprises
Helena Rubinstein (born Chaja Rubinstein), cosmetics entrepreneur, founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company
Jack Tramiel (1928-2012), businessman and founder of Commodore International
Warner Bros. (born Wonsal)
Albert Warner (1884-1967)
Harry Warner (1881-1958)
Jack L. Warner (1892-1978)
Sam Warner (1887-1927)
Sam Zell (Shmuel Zielonka), billionaire businessman Equity International, lawyer and philanthropist
Sports
Baseball
Moe Drabowsky
Harry Feldman
Chess
Izaak Appel
Abram Blass
Moshe Czerniak
Henryk Friedman
Paulin Frydman
Miguel Najdorf
Dawid Przepiórka
Gersz Rotlewi
Akiba Rubinstein
Gersz Salwe
Siegbert Tarrasch
Savielly Tartakower (1887-1956)
Szymon Winawer
Daniel Yanofsky
Johannes Zukertort
Fencing
Roman Kantor, épée, Nordic champion and Soviet champion; murdered by the Nazis
Football
Ludwik Gintel, Poland national team
Abraham "Avram" Grant (born 1955), football manager of various football clubs and national teams (e.g. Chelsea F.C., Israel, Ghana national football team)
Józef Klotz, Poland national team; murdered by the Nazis
Józef Lustgarten, spent 17 years in the Gulag
Leon Sperling (1900-1941), left wing, Polish national team; murdered by the Nazis in the Lemberg Ghetto
Zygmunt Steuermann, centre forward, Polish national team (two matches, four goals); died in December 1941 in the Lemberg Ghetto
Ben Lederman, American-born, midfield, Raków Częstochowa
Professional wrestling
Chris Mordetzky, American professional wrestler, known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Chris Masters
Swimming
Lejzor Ilja Szrajbman, Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay; murdered by the Nazis in Majdanek concentration camp
Track and field
Myer Prinstein, Olympic long-jumper from Szczuczyn, Poland
Irena Szewińska, sprinter and long jumper; world records in 100-m, 200-m, and 400-m; three-time Olympic champion, plus four medals (for a total of seven Olympic medals)
Jadwiga Wajs, two world records (discus); Olympic silver and bronze (discus)
Weightlifting
Ben Helfgott, Polish-born, three-time British champion (lightweight), three-time Maccabiah champion; survived Buchenwald and Theresienstadt; all but one family member was murdered by the Nazis