Wedding of Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie

The wedding of Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg took place on Thursday, 31 May 1906, at the Church of Saint Jerome the Royal in Madrid, Spain.

The groom was the reigning king of Spain since his birth and the bride was a princess from a cadet branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria.

Celebrations of the wedding were overshadowed by an anarchist bomb attack during the procession back to the palace.

Engagement

King Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg first met at the state banquet offered by King Edward VII –Victoria Eugenie's uncle– at Buckingham Palace to the Spanish King in his state visit to the United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso was seated between Queen Alexandra and Princess Helena, King Edward's sister. He noticed Victoria Eugenie and asked who the dinner guest with almost white hair was. Everybody knew that King Alfonso was looking for a suitable bride and one of the strongest candidates was Princess Patricia, another niece of King Edward. As she seemed not to be impressed by the Spanish monarch, Alfonso indulged his interest in Victoria Eugenie, and so the courtship began. When Alfonso returned to Spain he frequently sent postcards to Victoria Eugenie and spoke of her approvingly. His mother, Queen María Cristina, initially did not like her son's selection, but finally agreed in January 1906.

On 22 January 1906, Victoria Eugenie and her mother Princess Beatrice arrived in Biarritz where some days later King Alfonso met them. Alfonso and his future bride conducted a chaperoned, three-day romance. Then, Alfonso took Victoria Eugenie and her mother to San Sebastián to meet Queen Maria Cristina. On 3 February, the King left San Sebastian to go to Madrid and Victoria Eugenie and her mother went to Versailles where the Princess would be instructed in the Catholic faith: as the future Queen of Spain, she agreed to convert from Anglican faith. The official reception of Victoria Eugenie into the Catholic faith took place on 5 March 1906 at Miramar Palace in San Sebastián.

The terms of the marriage were settled by two agreements, a public treaty and a private contractual arrangement. The treaty was executed between Spain and the United Kingdom in London on 7 May 1906 by their respective plenipotentiaries, the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of St James's, Don Luis Polo de Bernabé, and the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, Bt. Ratifications were exchanged on 23 May following.

Wedding

Preparations

Alfonso gave his fiancée as a wedding gift a large fleurs-de-lis tiara, a necklace and a pair of earrings –all made of large diamonds and platinum– expressly designed by the Spanish jeweler Ansorena, as well as a necklace of large pearls who had belonged to Queen Isabel II. These jewels, in addition to others, formed the joyas de pasar collection later, which Victoria Eugenia ensured that were successively passed on to the following Queens of Spain. The wedding dress was also a gift from the groom to the bride, according to Spanish custom. It was a white dress, all lace, embroidered in silver and sprinkled with lilies, she accompanied it with a mantle that had belonged to Isabel II.

On the morning of 31 May 1906, the couple had breakfast together after hearing mass at 6:30 a.m. at the Royal Palace of El Pardo, where the Princess was staying since her arrival in Madrid on 26 May. Afterwards, the King went to the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Princess to the Ministry of the Navy to get dressed for the ceremony.

Procession

At nine o'clock, a cannon shot announced the departure of the King's wedding procession from the Royal Palace, made up of forty gala carriages, in which the Royal Family, the invited foreign Royal Houses and twenty Grandees of Spain houses were riding. The latter had been invited with the only requirement of bringing a gala carriage, otherwise they would be excluded. Fifty-four houses of Grandees in Spain were consulted, of which twenty answered affirmatively. Although it is impossible to determine the number of spectators at the parade, ABC estimated some 400,000 attendees, while El Imparcial highlighted that 50,000 people had arrived by train to Madrid for the event. Because there was a threat of an attack, the press was prohibited from entering the church and the people of Madrid were prohibited from throwing flowers as the procession passed by.

Separately, the Princess left the Ministry of the Navy half an hour later than planned, because Prime Minister Segismundo Moret arrived late to pick her up, which worried the groom and delayed the ceremony.

Ceremony

The religious ceremony was held at the Church of Saint Jerome the Royal and was officiated by cardinal Ciriaco Sancha, Archbishop of Toledo. The most privileged seats were for the Grandees of Spain, those closest to the altar, and the members of the foreign Royal Houses, who were right behind them. The godparents were the Queen Mother María Cristina and the King's brother-in-law, Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Immediately afterwards, the ceremony moved to a facility adjacent to the church, where the act was registered in the Registry of the Civil Status of the Royal Family, by Manuel García Prieto –Minister of Grace and Justice as the Chief Notary of the Kingdom–, indicating that the wedding had been communicated by the King to the Cortes and that Princess Victoria Eugenie had the permission of her uncle Edward VII. By marrying the King, Victoria Eugenie became the Queen of Spain.

Anarchist bomb attack

After the ceremony, the wedding procession returned to the Royal Palace slowly so that the crowd of people in the street could see the Royal couple. The procession passed through Paseo del Prado, Plaza de Cibeles, Calle de Alcalá, and Puerta del Sol without any incident. When passing by number 88 on Calle Mayor, they suffered an attack with a bomb camouflaged in a bouquet of flowers thrown from a fourth floor balcony towards their carriage by anarchist Mateo Morral with the intention of killing them. The homemade artifact did not fully hit its target because it collided with the tram cables. Twenty-four people died among the members of the Royal Guard and bystanders, including the Marchioness of Tolosa and her daughter, who were watching the parade from a nearby balcony, and over a hundred others were wounded. The explosion did not injure either the King or the Queen or the guards who were in the carriage. The King's Golden Fleece necklace broke and his uniform tore at chest level, as a piece of the bomb entered the carriage, becoming embedded in the seat. This piece was given by Queen María Cristina to her sister-in-law Infanta Paz, who had a votive plaque created with it for Our Lady of Altötting.

After the delay caused by the confusion, the King and the Queen changed carriages and resumed their journey to the Royal Palace, where they made several appearances on the balcony under the cheers from the crowd. The Queen appeared with her dress still stained with blood from the attack.

Aftermath

The reception and banquet that was going to be held that same day at the Royal Palace was cancelled as a sign of mourning, and the gala ball that was scheduled for the following day was replaced by a ceremony for the memory of the victims. That same following day, the funerals of the Marchioness of Tolosa and her daughter were held, for which the King sent Mariano Fernández de Henestrosa, Duke of Santo Mauro, as his representative and the Queen sent Ventura García-Sancho, Marquess of Aguilar de Campoo, as her representative. They also sent a representation to the funerals of other victims. A monument was later erected in memory of the victims of the attack.

Despite the mourning, the rest of the celebrations continued and the King rode through the city in an open car. On 2 June following, a bullfight was held, and on 4 June, a grand ball was held at the Duchess of Fernán Núñez residence. The Royal couple had their honeymoon in the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso.

Guests

Relatives of the groom

• Queen María Cristina, the groom's mother
  • Infante Carlos, the groom's brother-in-law (also second cousin once removed)
    • Infante Alfonso, the groom's nephew
    • Infanta Isabel Alfonsa, the groom's niece
  • Infanta María Teresa and Infante Fernando, the groom's sister and brother-in-law (also first cousin)
• The Countess of Girgenti, the groom's paternal aunt
• Infanta María de la Paz and Infante Luis Fernando, the groom's paternal aunt and uncle (also first cousin once removed)
  • Princess Pilar of Bavaria, the groom's first cousin
• The Duchess of Galliera, the groom's paternal aunt
  • Infante Alfonso, the groom's first cousin
• Prince Alfons of Bavaria, the groom's first cousin once removed
• Prince Genaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the groom's second cousin
• Prince Ranieri of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the groom's second cousin
• Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the groom's second cousin

Relatives of the bride

• Princess Henry of Battenberg, the bride's mother
  • Prince Alexander of Battenberg, the bride's brother
  • Prince Leopold of Battenberg, the bride's brother
  • Prince Maurice of Battenberg, the bride's brother
• The Prince and Princess of Wales, the bride's first cousin and the groom and bride's mutual second cousin once removed (representing the King of the United Kingdom)
• The Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the bride's maternal aunt by marriage and paternal first cousin once removed (representing the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
  • Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the bride's first cousin
• Princess and Prince Alexander of Teck, the bride's first cousin and the groom and bride's mutual second cousin once removed
• The Princess of Erbach-Schönberg, the bride's paternal aunt
  • Prince Victor of Erbach-Schönberg, the bride's first cousin
• Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen, and Baron Alphons von Pawel-Rammingen, the bride's second cousin once removed and her husband

Foreign royal guests

• Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, husband of the bride's first cousin (also the groom's third cousin) (representing the King of the Hellenes)
• Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, the bride's first cousin once removed (representing the Emperor of Russia)
• The Duchess and Duke of Genoa, the groom's first cousin once removed and third cousin (representing the King of Italy)
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the groom's second cousin (representing the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary)
• The Prince Royal of Portugal, the groom's second cousin once removed (representing the King of Portugal and the Algarves)
• The Duke of Närke, the groom's second cousin once removed (representing the King of Sweden)
• Prince Albert of Belgium, the bride's second cousin once removed (representing the King of the Belgians)
• The Hereditary Prince of Monaco, the bride's third cousin (representing the Prince of Monaco)
• Prince Albert of Prussia, the bride's third cousin once removed (representing the German Emperor)
  • Prince Friedrich Heinrich of Prussia, the bride's fourth cousin
• The Prince of Bishnulok (representing the King of Siam)

Politicians

• Segismundo Moret, Prime Minister of Spain
• The Count of Romanones, Minister of Governance
• The Duke of Almodóvar del Río, Minister of State
• The Marquis of Alhucemas, Minister of Grace and Justice
• Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez, Minister of Finance
• Agustín de Luque y Coca, Minister of War
• Víctor María Concas, Minister of the Navy
• Vicente Santamaría de Paredes, Minister of Education
• The Marquis of Vega de Armijo, President of the Congress of Deputies
• José López Domínguez, President of the Senate
• Eduardo Martínez del Campo y Acosta, President of the Supreme Court

Diplomats

• Aristide Rinaldini, Apostolic Nuncio to the Kingdom of Spain
• Roque Sáenz Peña, Argentinean special envoy
• Pedro de Araújo Beltrão, Brazilian special envoy
• Racho Petrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
• Agustín Edwards Mac-Clure, Chilean special envoy
• Manuel María de Peralta y Alfaro, Costa Rican Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Spain
• Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza, Cuban special envoy
• Víctor Manuel Rendón, Ecuadorian Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Spain
• Jean Baptiste Jules Dalstein, French special envoy
• Francisco A. de Icaza, Mexican special envoy
• Felipe de Osma y Pardo, Peruvian Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Spain
• Iacob Lahovary, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Romania
• Milovan Milovanović, Serbian special envoy
• Luis Polo de Bernabé, Spanish Ambassador to the Court of St James's
• Alfredo Mengotti, Swiss Honorary Consul General to the Kingdom of Spain
• Maurice de Bunsen, British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Spain
• Frederick W. Whitridge, American special envoy
• Daniel Muñoz, Uruguayan special envoy

Religious figures

• Cardinal Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain
• Cardinal José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela
• Tomás Costa y Fornaguera, Archbishop of Tarragona
• Juan Soldevilla y Romero, Archbishop of Zaragoza
• Cardinal Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Bishop of Barcelona
• José María Salvador y Barrera, Bishop of Madrid-Alcalá
• Benito Murúa López, Bishop of Lugo
• Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Bishop of Solsona
• Francisco Javier Baztán y Urniza, Bishop of Oviedo
• Salvador Castellote y Pinazo, Bishop of Jaén
• Toribio Minguella, Bishop of Sigüenza
• Ramón Peris Mencheta, Bishop of Coria
• Julián Miranda Bistuer, Bishop of Segovia
• Julián de Diego y García Alcolea, Bishop of Astorga
• Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón, Bishop of San Luis Potosí
• Robert Brindle, Bishop of Nottingham

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Fernández de la Reguera, Ricardo; March, Susana (1969). La boda de Alfonso XIII (in Spanish). Editorial Planeta.