Itakura Katsushige (板倉 勝重, 1545 – June 14, 1624) was a Japanese daimyō of the Azuchi–Momoyama Period to early Edo period. He fought at the side of Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was also an ordained Shin Buddhist priest.

Katsuhige's daimyō family claimed descent from the Shibukawa branch of the Seiwa Genji. The Itakura identified its clan origins in Mikawa Province, and the descendants of Katsuhige were considered the elder branch of the clan.

Katsuhige was sometimes identified by his title, Iga-no kami.

He served in the Tokugawa shogunate as the second Kyoto Shoshidai, holding office in the period spanning the years from 1601 through 1620. In addition to administrative duties, the shoshidai's participation in ceremonial events served a function in consolidating the power and influence of the shogunate. For example, in September 1617, a Korean delegation was received by Hidetada at Fushimi Castle, and Katsuhige was summoned for two reasons (1) for the Koreans, to underscore the importance accorded the embassy, and (2) for the kuge courtiers in attendance, to make sure that they were properly impressed.

Katsushige was succeeded in this role by his eldest son, Shigemune, who held the office from 1620 through 1654. The merit earned by Katsushigu and Shigemune was remembered years later when devastation of the Itakura family was threatened by the otherwise unpardonable actions of a descendant.

He was unusual in that he was one of the "new men" in the close service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. After the Siege of Osaka, Katsushige was entrusted with enforcing the newly promulgated Kuge Shohatto code of conduct for court nobles. He was the senior shogunate official overseeing the completion of Nijō Castle's construction in 1603.

His grave is at Chōen-ji Temple, in modern-day Nishio, Aichi.

Family

• Father: Itakura Yoshishige
• Mother: Honda Mitsutsugu’s daughter
• Wife: Ao Nagakatsu’s daughter
• Children:
  • Itakura Shigemune by Ao Nagakatsu’s daughter
  • Itakura Shigemasa by Ao Nagakatsu’s daughter
  • Itakura Shigeo
  • daughter married Toda Mitsumasa
  • daughter married Kawamura Shigehisa
  • Maki Kodayu
  • daughter married Ando Shigeyoshi

Notes

References

• Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
• Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in de Edo-Zeit: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867. Münster: Tagenbuch. ISBN 3-8258-3939-7
• Murdoch, James and Isoh Yamagata. (1903–1926). London: Kegan Paul, Trubner. OCLC 502662122
• Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
• Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 Nobiliaire du japon (2003)
• Sasaki Suguru. (2002). Boshin sensō: haisha no Meiji ishin. Tokyo: Chūōkōron-shinsha.
• Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 9780700717200' OCLC 635224064
• Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1952-7

External links

• (in Japanese) Document from Katsushige's tenure as Kyoto Shoshidai

Kotohito (政仁, 29 June 1596 – 11 September 1680), posthumously honored as Emperor Go-Mizunoo (後水尾天皇, Gomizunō Tennō), was the 108th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.^{: 113–115} Go-Mizunoo's reign spanned the years from 1611 through 1629, and he was the first emperor to reign entirely during the Edo period.

This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Seiwa, sometimes posthumously referred to as Mizunoo (水尾) because this is the location of his tomb, and translates as "later", and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Mizunoo". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the "second one", and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Mizunoo II".

Genealogy

Before Go-Mizunoo's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina) was Kotohito (政仁)^: 9 or Masahito. He was the third son of Emperor Go-Yōzei and his consort, Konoe Sakiko. Prince Kotohito had 11 full siblings (7 sisters and 4 brothers).

He resided together with concubines in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. He had 33 children with his empress consort and 6 concubines.

Consort and issue(s):

• Empress (Chūgū): Tokugawa Masako (徳川和子, 23 November 1607 – 2 August 1678), later known as Tōfuku-mon'in (東福門院), daughter of Tokugawa Hidetata and Lady Oeyo
  • Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Okiko (興子内親王, 9 January 1624 – 4 December 1696), later Empress Meishō
  • Third Daughter: Princess Onna-ni (女二宮, 14 October 1625 – 2 July 1651), Legal Wife of Konoe Hisatsugu
  • Second Son: Prince Sukehito (高仁親王, 31 December 1626 – 11 July 1628)
  • Third Son: Prince Waka (若宮, b.1628)
  • Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (女三宮昭子内親王, 13 October 1629 — 18 June 1675)
  • Sixth Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (女五宮賀子内親王, 21 July 1632 – 2 August 1696) married Nijō Mitsuhira
  • Seventh Daughter: Princess Kiku (菊宮, 1633–1634)
• Lady-in-waiting (Naishi-no-Suke): Yotsutsuji Yotsuko (四辻与津子, d. 9 January 1639), later known as Meikyō'in (明鏡院), was the daughter of Yotsutsuji Kinto (四辻公遠)
  • First Son: Prince Kamo (賀茂宮, 21 November 1618 – 4 November 1622)
  • First Daughter: Princess Bunchi (文智女王, 30 July 1619 – 4 February 1697 ), Wife of Takatsukasa Norihira
• Lady-in-waiting (Naishi-no-Suke): Sono (Fujiwara) Mitsuko (園光子) 1602– 6 March 1656, later known as Mibu'in (壬生院), Sadaijin, was the daughter of Sono Mototada (園基任)
  • Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Tsuguhito (紹仁親王, 20 April 1633 – 30 October 1654), later Emperor Go-Kōmyō
  • Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Syuchō (守澄法親王, 3 September 1634 – 12 June 1680), abbot of Kan'ei-ji in Ueno
  • Tenth Daughter: Princess Gensho (元昌女王, 1637–1662)
  • Eleventh Daughter: Princess Sōchō (宗澄女王, 12 March 1639 – 27 March 1678)
  • Thirteenth Daughter: Princess Katsura (桂宮, 1641–1644)
• Lady-in-waiting (Naishi-no-Suke): Kushige (Fujiwara) Takako (1604– 23 June 1685; 櫛笥隆子) later Hōshunmon-in (逢春門院), daughter of Kushige Takachika( 櫛笥隆致)
  • Fifth Daughter: Princes Risho (理昌女王, 1631–1656)
  • Fifth Son: Unnamed Prince (b.1633)
  • Eight Daughter: Imperial Princess Ake-no-miya Teruko (光子内親王, 25 July 1634 – 18 November 1727)
  • Eight Son: Imperial Prince Nagahito (秀宮良仁親王, 1 January 1638 – 22 March 1685), later Emperor Go-Sai
  • Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shosin (性真法親王; 1639 – 1696)
  • Twelfth Daughter: Princess Masa (摩佐; 1640–1641)
  • Fourteenth Daughter: Princess Richu (理忠女王; 1641 – 1689)
  • Eleventh Son: Imperial Prince Hachijō-no-miya Yasuhito (八条宮穏仁親王, 15 June 1643 – 9 November 1665)
  • Thirteenth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Dōkan (道寛法親王; 1647–1676)
• Lady-in-waiting (Naishi-no-Suke): Sono (Fujiwara) Kuniko (1624 – 3 August 1677; 園国子) later Shin-Kogimon-in (新広義門院), daughter of Sono Motonari (園基音)
  • Tenth Son: Prince Priest Gyojo (堯恕法親王; 29 November 1640 – 28 May 1695)
  • Fifteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Tsuneko (常子内親王; 8 April 1642 – 17 September 1702)
  • Fourteenth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shinmu (眞敬法親王; 1649–1706)
  • Sixteenth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonshoho (尊証法親王; 31 March 1651 – 1 December 1694)
  • Nineteenth Son: Imperial Prince Satohito (高貴宮識仁親王, 9 July 1654 – 24 September 1732), later Emperor Reigen
  • Seventeenth Daughter: Princess Eikyo (永享女王; 1657–1686).
• Lady-in-waiting (Naishi-no-Suke): Yotsutsuji Tsuguko (四辻継子; d.13 August 1657), daughter of Yotsutsuji Suetsugu (四辻季継)
  • Twelfth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonko (尊光法親王; 1645 – 1680)
  • Eighteenth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Seiin (盛胤法親王; 1651 – 1680)
  • Sixteenth Daughter: Princess Bunsatsu (文察女王; 1654 – 1683)
• Court Lady (Miyahito): Minase Ujiko (水無瀬氏子; 1607– 16 June 1672), daughter of Minase Ujinori (水無瀬氏成)
  • Ninth Daughter: Princess Shin (新宮; 1635–1637)
  • Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shojo (性承法親王; 1637 – 1678)

Events

Prince Masahito became emperor following the abdication of his emperor-father. The succession (the senso) was considered to have been received by the new monarch; and shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Mizunoo is said to have acceded (the sokui). A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami. The events during Go-Mizunoo's lifetime shed some light on his reign. The years correspond with a period in which Tokugawa Hidetada and Tokugawa Iemitsu were leaders at the pinnacle of the Tokugawa shogunate.

On 29 June 1596, Masahito, who would be known posthumously as Go-Minzunoo, was born. Toyotomi Hideyori came to Miyako to visit the former-Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu on 20 May 1610 (Keichō 15, 27th day of the 3rd month); the same day, Go-Yōzei announced his intention to renounce the throne. Following the abdication during the 26th year of Go-Yōzei-tennō's reign (後陽成天皇二十六年) on 9 May 1611 (Keichō 16), 16-year-old Go-Mizunoo became Emperor.^: 113 The Siege of Osaka, during which Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada vanquished Toyotomi Hideyori and set fire to Osaka Castle, occurred in 1614 (Keichō 19). He returned to Edo for the winter.

A strong earthquake struck on 26 November 1614 (Keichō 19, 25th day of the 10th month). A great bell for Daibutsu Temple in Kyoto was cast, also in that year. The Osaka Summer Battle began in 1615 (Keichō 20). Tokugawa Ieyasu and his son, Shōgun Hidetada, marched again to Osaka Castle(Genna 1), which was captured and burned. Hideyori was thought to have died by suicide but his body was never found. It was rumored he had fled to Satsuma, where a refuge had been prepared for him in advance. Ieyasu died at Suruga the following year (Genna 2, 17th day of the 4th month) and Former-Emperor Go-Yōzei died in 1617 (Genna 3, 26th day of the 8th month). Go-Yōzei was buried at the North Fukakusa Burial Mound (深草北陵, Fukakusa no Kita no Misasagi). Tokugawa Masako, daughter of Shōgun Hidetada, entered the palace as a consort of the emperor and the two married (Genna 6).^: 113 A number of severe fires broke out in Kyoto during April 1620 (Genna 6).

In 1623, the Emperor made Tokugawa Iemitsu, son of Hidetada, a Shōgun (Genna 9) and later visited Nijō Castle (Kan'ei 3, 6th day of the 9th month). The "Purple Robe Incident" (紫衣事件, shi-e jiken) occurred in 1627 (Kan'ei 6) when the Emperor was accused of having bestowed honorific purple garments to more than ten priests despite the shōgun's edict which banned them for two years, a practice probably set in place to break the bond between the Emperor and religious circles. The shogunate intervened and made the bestowing of the garments invalid. The priests which had been honored by the emperor were sent into exile by the bakufu.^: 114 Go-Mizunoo abdicated on 22 December 1629 (Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month), renouncing the throne to his daughter, Okiko, on the same day that the priests of the "Purple Robe Incident" went into exile.^: 114 Okiko became the Empress Meishō. For the rest of his long life, Go-Mizuno-in concentrated on various aesthetic projects and interests, of which perhaps the best-known are the magnificent Japanese gardens of the Shugakuin Imperial Villa.^: 114

Former Emperor Go-Mizunoo died on 11 September 1680 (Enpō 8, 19th day of the 8th month).^: 186 Go-Mizunoo's memory is honored at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto where a designated Imperial mausoleum (misasagi) is located. It is named Tsuki no wa no misasagi. Also enshrined are this emperor's immediate Imperial successors – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono.^: 423

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Mizunoo's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Kujō Yukiie (1608–1612), Kampaku, Takatsukasa Nobuhisa (1612–1615), Kampaku, Nijō Akizane (1615–1619), Kampaku, Kujō Yukiie (1619–1623), Kampaku, Konoe Nobuhiro, (1623–1629), Kampaku, Ichijō Akiyoshi (1629), Sadaijin, Udaijin, Konoe Nobuhiro (1619),^: 113 Naidaijin, and Dainagon

Eras

The years of Go-Mizunoo's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō: Keichō (1596–1615), Genna (1615–1624), and Kan'ei (1624–1644).

Ancestry

See also

• Emperor of Japan
• Imperial cult
• List of Emperors of Japan
• Sentō Imperial Palace
• Shugakuin Imperial Villa

Notes

References

This is a list of female castellans in Japanese history.

Definition

The list includes the following persons:

• Women who inherited the leadership of a samurai clan.
• A woman who was named commander of the castle by a Daimyo.
• Due to the death of a male owner, his wife or daughter formally inherit the leadership of the castle.

The list does not include:

• Women who had great political power but were not formally clan or castle leaders.
• Reigning Empresses or Regents
• Women who was the owner of part or compartment of a castle, like Kodai-in who gave the eastern ward of Osaka Castle to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• Women who received honorable titles, such as Lady Kasuga who was named '' Jōrō Otoshiyori '' (上 臈 御 年 寄) and commanded the Ōoku area of Edo Castle
• Buildings or areas that cannot be considered a Japanese castle.

List

Other evidence of female castellans

A sequence of women who acted remarkably as castellans, without being a formal heiress, or female castellans where there is little detail about their administration, area and castle.

Sengoku period (1467–1603)

• Akamatsu Tōshōin: She was a de facto Daimyo of the Akamatsu clan. She was a guardian of Akamatsu Yoshimura. After Yoshimura's death, Tōshōin took total control of the clan as the leader in 1521.
• Akai Teruko: After she participated in Siege of Odawara, Toyotomi Hideyoshi gave her as a reward the territory of 5435 koku in Ushiku, but soon she transferred the property to Her son.
• Jukei-ni: She acted as guardian and adviser to Ujiteru, Yoshimoto and her grandson Imagawa Ujizane. She has spent four generations of daimyos and it is said that she was de facto the last Sengoku daimyo of the Imagawa clan.
• Ikeda Sen: ''Tōdaiki'' (当代記) describes that she owned lands with a revenue equivalent to 10,000 koku, like a minor daimyo.
• Myorin: Luís Fróis describes that a woman was the ruler of an area that is currently Ōita city, that woman was probably Myorin. Her son inherited the clan leadership after the death of Yoshioka Akioki. Because he was very young, Myorin became the representative head of Tsurusaki castle as a counselor for her son. Cases like these were common in all of Japanese history.
• Munakata Saikaku: In 1586, she was appointed leader of the Munataka clan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, because of her efforts in the Kyushu campaign.
• Shimazu Kameju: She was granted by Shimazu Yoshihiro landholdings of 5,000 koku in the Hioki District of Satsuma, by Shimazu Yoshihisa additional landholdings of 2,739 koku in the village of Ōnejime in Ōsumi Province. In 1611, she received Kokubu Castle after her divorce. In 1624, she received another grant of 10,000 koku free of levies for her generation.
• Yodo-dono: She formally received Yodo Castle in 1589. After Hideyoshi's death, she acted as guardian of his heir Toyotomi Hideyori. Following the fall of the Council of Five Elders that resulted in the Battle of Sekigahara, Yodo-dono becomes the chief representative of the Toyotomi clan and Osaka Castle.
• Lady Nata: In Otomo Family Document (大友家文書録), it is described that she owned lands on the Kunisaki Peninsula, an area run by her family, the Nata clan.
• Fujishiro Gozen: She was the female castellan of a minor castle, the Fujishiro-kan (藤代館) in Mutsu Province.

See also

• Onna-musha
• Kunoichi
• Empress of Japan

Notes

References

The 1520s decade ran from January 1, 1520, to December 31, 1529.

Events

1520

January–June

• January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes, at Lake Åsunden in Sweden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the battle. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there, but dies from his wounds on February 3.
• April 16 – Revolt of the Comuneros: Citizens of Toledo, Castile opposed to the rule of the Flemish-born Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, rise up when the royal government attempts to unseat radical city councilors.
• June – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne.
• June 7 – King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France meet at the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold.
• June 10 – Revolt of the Comuneros: Segovia is blockaded.
• June 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.

July–December

• July 1 – La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.
• July 7 – Otumba near Lake Texcaco: The Spaniards defeat the Aztecs.

• August – Martin Luther publishes To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.
• September 7 – Christian II makes his triumphant entry into Stockholm, which had surrendered to him a few days earlier. Sten Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.
• September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is officially crowned on September 30.
• October – Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies from smallpox during an epidemic. He is succeeded by his nephew Cuauhtémoc.
• October 21 (Feast of St. Ursula) – The islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are discovered by Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes, off Newfoundland. He names them Islands of the 11,000 Virgins, in honour of Saint Ursula.
• October 23 – Charles V is crowned King of Germany in Aachen.
• November 1–4 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden in Nikolai Church. The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm.
• November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason.
• November 8–9 – Stockholm Bloodbath: 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading.
• November 28 – After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait is later named the Strait of Magellan).
• December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see Canon Law), and his copy of the Papal bull Exsurge Domine.

Date unknown

• The Franciscan friar Matteo Bassi is inspired to return to the primitive life of solitude and penance, as practiced by St. Francis, giving rise to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.
• Duarte Barbosa returns to Cananor.
• Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne.
• King Manuel I creates the public mail service of Portugal, the Correio Público.

1521

January–June

• January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
• January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany.
• January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali.
• February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.
• March 6
  • Ferdinand Magellan makes the first European contact with Guam, most likely landing in Tumon.
  • Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.
• March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines, in eastern Samar.
• March 31 – The First Mass in the Philippines is held.
• April or May – Battle of Tunmen in Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
• April 7
  • Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
  • Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.
• April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
• April 23 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels. Juan López de Padilla, Francisco Maldonado, and Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.
• April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.
• April 27 – Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines.
• May – The Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France.
• May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason in Tower Hill.
• May 20 – Battle of Pampeluna: Allied French-Navarrese forces defeat the Spanish.
• May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.
• May 27 – Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming dynasty.
• June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade.
• June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.
• June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under André de Foix, fighting for the exiled King of Navarre Henri d'Albret, are defeated by the Spanish, and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.

July–December

• July – Pfaffensturm: Students rebel against priests in Erfurt.
• July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
• August 13 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Cortés, thus incorporating the Aztec Empire into the Spanish Empire and ending the Late Postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
• August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.
• October 25 – Revolt of the Comuneros is crushed.
• November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
• December 27 – The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and spreading the idea of rejecting infant baptism.

Date unknown

• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.
• The Grand Duchy of Ryazan is annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

1522

January–June

• January 9 – Pope Adrian VI (born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, Dedens or Dedel; Hadrianus in Latin) succeeds Pope Leo X, as the 218th pope. The only Dutch pope, he will be the last non-Italian elected for more than 450 years.
• January 26 – Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila sets out from the gulf of Panama to explore the Pacific coast of Central America. He explores Nicaragua and names Costa Rica when he finds copious quantities of gold in Pacific beaches.
• April 27 – Battle of Bicocca: French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.
• May – England presents an ultimatum to France and Scotland.
• June 19 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor visits King Henry VIII of England, and signs the Treaty of Windsor, pledging a joint invasion of France, bringing England into the Italian War of 1521–1526.

July–December

• July – The English army attacks Brittany and Picardy from Calais, burning and looting the countryside.
• July 28 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I begins his siege to expel the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
• August – The Knights' War erupts in Germany.
• September 6 – The Victoria (nao Vittoria), one of the surviving ships of the Magellan expedition, returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
• September 21 – Luther Bible: Martin Luther's translation of the Bible's New Testament into Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch, is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.
• September 22 – 1522 Almería earthquake: A major 6.8 to 7.0 M_w earthquake occurs in the capital of Almeria and the Andarax Valley, near Alhama de Almería. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme), and kills about 2,500 people, making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history. The city of Almería is totally destroyed, and there is serious destruction in 80 other towns; in Granada, large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.
• October 21–22 – The 1522 Vila Franca earthquake takes place in the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo, at this time the provincial capital, located on São Miguel Island, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
• November – The Diet of Nuremberg opens.
• December 18 – The Ottomans finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
• December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights in Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta, and become known as the Knights of Malta.

Date unknown

• The third edition of Erasmus's Greek Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Novum Testamentum (with parallel Latin text), is published in Basel.
• Chinese Ming dynasty War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.
• Australia is sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça, who maps the continent and names it Jave la Grande ("The Greater Java"), according to the theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia.
• The Portuguese ally with the Sultanate of Ternate and begin the construction of Fort Kastela.
• The Portuguese, allied with King Ilato of the Goratalo kingdom, construct the Otanaha Fortress.

1523

January–March

• January 20 – Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the herredag at Viborg have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, Frederick, Duke of Holstein. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April.
• February 15 – Construction of Fort Kastela by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of Ternate in Indonesia, is completed as Portugal claims the Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).
• February 25 – Battle of al-Shihr on the Arabian Peninsula (in what is now Yemen): Troops from Portugal fight against the Kathiri Sultanate, ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, Al-Shihr, and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
• February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now Nicaragua, after he arrives with Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at El Realejo.
• March 8 – In Spain's Kingdom of Valencia, a rebellion by the Brotherhoods of Mallorca is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, Palma de Mallorca, to Spanish and German troops.
• March 26 – Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at Viborg, although loyalists at Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.

April–June

• April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other Cistercian Catholic nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near Grimma and Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.
• April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao, leader of the friendly Nicarao people, to explore the area.
• April 14 – Mirza Shah Hossein, Grand Vizier of Persia since 1514, is assassinated in Qazvin (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi.
• April 15 – Sir Thomas More, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel Utopia, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
• April 17 – In Nicaragua, Diriangén, ruler of the Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila. Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
• April 23 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, brings the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the Seventeen Provinces, which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.
• April 24 – The Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of Martin Luther within the Kingdom.
• May 6 – In the Rhineland in Germany, the Knights' War, led by Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls. Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
• May 5 – An assassination attempt is made against King Sigismund of Poland, who is shot at while walking outside his residence at Wawel Castle overlooking Kraków.
• May 20 – Andrea Gritti is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, 13 days after the death of Antonio Grimani.
• May 27 – Swedish War of Liberation: The city of Kalmar in Sweden, occupied by troops of Denmark, falls to a Swedish Army force led by Arvid Västgöte after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open. Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of Kalmar, only Stockholm remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
• May 31 – Following the Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the Chinese Empire and the Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.
• May – The Ningbo Incident: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of Ningbo, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.
• June 3 – Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle at Madras (now Chennai) in India.
• June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing the full independence of Sweden from Denmark, which marks the end of the Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.
• June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day siege of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.
• June 12–July 19 – Franconian War: The Swabian League destroys 23 robber baron castles.
• June 17 – Swedish War of Liberation: The surrender of Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa. In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
• June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in Panama in canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.
• June 27 – Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is appointed as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent. He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.

July–September

• July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in Brussels at the Grote Markt. In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
• July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, a Frisian warlord and military commander, is executed in Leeuwarden, ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the Arumer Black Heap.
• July 25 – In what is now Mexico, the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval founds the city of Colima.
• July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the Italian War that has gone for two years.
• c. July – Martin Luther's translation of the Pentateuch into German (Das allte Testament Deutsch) is published by Melchior Lotter Jr. in Wittenberg.
• August 22 – Lucien Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco, is assassinated by his nephew at the Prince's Palace. Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother, Jean II. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son, Honoré; Lucien's brother Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
• September 14 – Pope Adrian VI, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as Pope John Paul II.
• September 22 – Spanish conquest of Nicaragua: An agreement is made for an expedition by conquistadores into Nicaragua organized by Pedrarias Dávila.
• September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the Sultanate of Patani and the Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the China's Emperor Zhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.

October–December

• October 1 – A conclave of 32 cardinals begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope. Niccolò Fieschi and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.
• October 27 – Hürrem Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the Druze of Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.
• November 19 – Following the September 14 death of Pope Adrian VI, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th pope as Clement VII. The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years.
• November 26 – At Santa Maria in Via Lata, Cardinal Marco Cornaro carries out the coronation of Pope Clement at the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome.
• December 6 – Setting off from the Mexican Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with an army of 550 Spanish soldiers and 120 horses, Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras begins the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.

Date unknown

• The Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech–loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.
• In northern Italy, a French army under Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.

1524

January–March

• January 17 – Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board La Dauphine in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World, to seek out a western sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
• February 20 – Tecun Uman, the K'iche' Maya ruler of Guatemala's highlands, is killed in a battle near Quetzaltenango between the K'iche' Maya people and the invading Spanish conquistadors led by Pedro Alvarado.
• March 7 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado destroys the Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj, taking the capital, Quiché.
• March 21 – da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear at what is later the U.S. state of North Carolina.

April–June

• April 17 – Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay, and sights the island of Manhattan.
• April 30 – Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy, under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by François de St. Pol, withdraw from the Italian Peninsula.
• May 26 – Atiquipaque, the most important city of the Xinca people, is conquered by the Spanish, resulting in a significant reduction in the Xinca population.
• June 8 – Battle of Acajutla: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeats a battalion of Pipiles, in the neighborhoods of present day Acajutla, El Salvador.

July–September

• July 8 – Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.
• August 5 – Two days before his coronation in Denmark, Frederick I is elected King of Norway.
• August 7 – The coronation of Frederick I of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen.
• August 20 – The French city of Marseille is besieged by Holy Roman Empire forces commanded by the Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and lasts until September 26.
• August 22 – Protestant theologians Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt dispute at Jena.
• September 1 – By the Treaty of Malmö signed on Sweden withdraws from the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden.
• September 5 – Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives on the island of Goa to become the new Viceroy of Portuguese India but dies three months later.
• September 13 – Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, Hernando de Luque and Diego de Almagro all set off on the first of three expeditions to conquer Peru, taking along 80 men and 40 horses, but the venture is halted in Colombia.
• September 23 – The Bundesbrief is adopted by the members of the Three Leagues of Switzerland (the League of God's House, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions, and the Grey League) as a common constitution.

October–December

• October 28 – A French army invading Italy, under King Francis, besieges Pavia, months before the Battle of Pavia.
• November 1 – John Fleming, 2nd Lord Fleming, Lord Chancellor of Scotland since 1517, is assassinated by John Tweedie of Drummelzier (chief of Clan Tweedie) and others.
• November 15 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between representatives of Honoré I, Lord of Monaco and of King Charles of Spain, and places Monaco under the protection of Spain.
• December 8 – Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba founds the city of Granada, Nicaragua, the oldest Hispanic city in the mainland America.

1525

January–June

• January 21 – The Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
• February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.
• February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortés.
• March 20 – In the German town of Memmingen, the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published, the first human rights related document written in Europe.
• April 4 – German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of Leipheim is forced to surrender. Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
• April 10 – Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.
• May 14–15 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Frankenhausen – Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor Thomas Müntzer are defeated. Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of Mühlhausen.
• June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora. The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.
• June 18 – Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year old illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.
• June 23–24 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.

July–December

• July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.
• November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.
• December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).
• December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.
• December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople.

Date unknown

• Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.
• European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.
• The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.
• Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to Worms (finished copies reach England in 1526).
• Printing of Huldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German by Christoph Froschauer begins.
• The Navarre witch trials (1525-26) begins.
• The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
• Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan.
• The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to Johannes Trithemius.

1526

January–June

• January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.
• January 26 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.
• April 21 – Battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures Delhi, creating the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.
• May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including Pope Clement VII, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
• May 23 – A transit of Venus occurs, the last before optical filters allow astronomers to observe them.
• June 9 – Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.

July–December

• July – The Spanish ship Santiago, from García Jofre de Loaísa's expedition, reaches the Pacific Coast of Mexico, the first to navigate from Europe to the west coast of North America.
• July 24 – Milan is captured by the Spanish.
• August 9 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón of Spain founded the failed colony, San Miguel de Gualdape in present-day Winyah Bay, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was the first European settlement, as well as the first documented occurrence of enslavement of African peoples in what would later became become the continental United States.
• August 15 – The first official translation is made of the New Testament into Swedish; the entire Bible is completed in 1541.
• August 21 – Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar becomes the first European to sight the Marshall Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.
• August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who is killed in the retreat by drowning. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Dubrovnik achieves independence, although it acknowledges Turkish overlordship.
• September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.

Date unknown

• Spring – The first complete printed translation of the New Testament of the Bible into the English language by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany, printing having been completed in Worms by Peter Schöffer the younger (with other copies being printed in Amsterdam). In October, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London, attempts to collect all the copies in his diocese and burn them.
• Gunsmith Bartolomeo Beretta (in Italian) establishes the Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest firearm corporations.

1527

January–June

• January 1 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.
• January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
• March 17 – Battle of Khanwa: Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.
• March – The Confederation of Shan States sack Ava, the capital of the Ava Kingdom.
• April 30 – The Treaty of Westminster (1527), an alliance during the War of the League of Cognac, is signed.
• May 6 – Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning.
• May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.
• June 17
  • The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.
  • The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.
• June 22 – Jakarta, modern-day capital of Indonesia, is founded as Jayakarta.

July–December

• August 3 – The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut, while at St. John's, Newfoundland, during his voyage to the New World.
• August 20
  • Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod in Augsburg.
  • Diet of Odense (Denmark): King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.
• September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.

Date unknown

• The Spanish conquest of Guatemala's highlands is completed; the first city in Guatemala, Ciudad Vieja, is founded.
• The second of the Dalecarlian rebellions breaks out in Sweden.
• Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.
• In England, Bishop Vesey's Grammar School (at Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands) is founded by Bishop John Vesey; and Sir George Monoux College is founded as a grammar school at Walthamstow by Sir George Monoux, draper and Lord Mayor of London.
• The Ming dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.

1528

January–June

• January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.
• February
  • Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: The rebel campaign fails, and the rebel leader, later known as Daljunkern, flees to Rostock.
  • Diego García de Moguer explores the Sierra de la Plata along the Río de la Plata, and begins to travel up the Paraná River.
• April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.
• May (end) – The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness appears in London, rapidly spreading to the rest of England and, on this occasion, to northern Europe.

July–December

• September 12 – Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.
• October 3 – Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón arrives in the Maluku Islands.
• October 13 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to 1299).
• October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.
• November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas.

Date unknown

• Montenegro gains autonomy under Ottoman power.
• Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo attempts an invasion of the Yucatán, but is driven out by the Maya peoples.
• Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
• Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
• St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.
• Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.
• Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.
• Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
• In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.
• Perak Sultanate and Johor Sultanate were established, both states being ruled by the sons of Mahmud Shah of Malacca.

1529

January–June

• February 2 – The Örebro Synod provides the theological foundation of the Swedish Reformation, following the economic foundation of it, after the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.
• March – Battle of Shimbra Kure: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, with 12,000 men, defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia numbering 200,000 men.
• March 25 – Blood libel against the Jewish community of Bosen (formerly in Hungary, today in Slovakia), on the first day of Passover. Three Jews are accused and killed, while the boy is discovered alive, kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.
• April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.
• April 9 – The Westrogothian rebellion breaks out in Sweden.
• April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
• April 22 – The Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
• May–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, presides over a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.
• June 21 – War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.

July–December

• July 30 – The only continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.
• August 5 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or Ladies' Peace in the War of the League of Cognac: Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the Duchy of Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.
• September 1 – Sancti Spiritu, the first European settlement in Argentina, is destroyed by local natives.
• September 8
  • Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.
  • The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
• September 27 – Siege of Vienna: Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman forces of Suleiman the Magnificent.
• October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the Ottoman wars in Europe).
• October 26 – Cardinal Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe, and obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.
• November 4–December 17 – The English Reformation Parliament is first seated.

Date unknown

• Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire, England by King Henry VIII.
• Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
• Borommarachathirat IV succeeds Ramathibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
• Fluorite is first described, by Georg Agricola.
• Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
• Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
• Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.
• German polymath Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa publishes Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus ("Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex"), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.
• A summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany opens to navigation.

Births

1520

• January 7 – Peder Oxe, Danish finance minister (d. 1575)
• January 30 – William More, English courtier (d. 1600)
• February 22 – Frederick III of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (d. 1570)
• March 3 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (d. 1575)
• June 29 – Nicolás Factor, Spanish artist (d. 1583)
• July 27 – Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d. 1578)
• August 1 – King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (d. 1572)
• August 10 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (d. 1537)
• August 21 – Bartholomäus Sastrow, German official (d. 1603)
• August 31 – Heinrich Sudermann, German politician (d. 1591)
• September 13 – William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman, chief advisor to Queen Elizabeth I (d. 1598)
• October 7 – Alessandro Farnese, Italian cardinal (d. 1589)
• November 10 – Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine, Princess of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1580)
• December 6 – Barbara Radziwiłł, queen of Poland (d. 1551)
• December 24 – Martha Leijonhufvud, politically active Swedish noble (d. 1584)
• date unknown
  • Patriarch Metrophanes III of Constantinople (d. 1580)
  • Jean Ribault, French navigator (d. 1565)
  • Vincenzo Galilei, Italian music theorist, lutenist, and composer (d. 1591)
  • Aben Humeya, last independent king of Granada (d. 1568)
  • Ijuin Tadaaki, Japanese nobleman (d. 1561)
  • Agatha Streicher, German physician (d. 1581)
  • Katarina Bengtsdotter Gylta, Swedish abbess (d. 1593)
  • Johannes Acronius Frisius, German doctor and mathematician (d. 1564)
• probable
  • Hans Eworth, Flemish portrait painter (d. 1574)
  • Katharina Gerlachin, German printer (d. 1592)
  • Jorge de Montemor, Spanish novelist and poet (d. 1561)
  • Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian mannerist painter (d. 1578)

1521

• March 21 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)
• April 5 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570)
• April 14 – Johann Marbach, German theologian (d. 1581)
• April 18 – François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (d. 1569)
• May 8 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)
• May 10 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, (d. 1553)
• June 8 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu, daughter of King Manuel I (d. 1577)
• June 21 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)
• August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)
• August 19 – Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (d. 1589)
• October 1 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (d. 1561)
• November 21 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (d. 1549)
• November 29 – Marcantonio Maffei, Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d. 1583)
• December 1 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
• December 13 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)
• date unknown
  • Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (d. 1546)
  • John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594)
  • Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer and later daimyō under Ōuchi Yoshitaka (d. 1555)
  • Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565)
  • Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603)
  • Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598)
  • Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (d. 1554)
• possible
  • Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

1522

• January 22 – Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, (d. 1545)
• February 2
  • Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565)
  • Francesco Alciati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580)
• March 10 – Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (d. 1564)
• March 22 – Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1582)
• March 28 – Albert Alcibiades, German prince (d. 1557)
• April 23 – Catherine of Ricci, Italian prioress (d. 1590)
• May 24 – John Jewel, English bishop (d. 1571)
• June 1 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch writer and scholar (d. 1590)
• July 5 – Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1586)
• July 13 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1575)
• July 25 – Anna of Lorraine (d. 1568)
• July 31 – Charles II de Croÿ, Belgian duke (d. 1551)
• August 4 – Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (d. 1572)
• August 28 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (d. 1533)
• September 11 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605)
• October 4 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1597)
• October 14 – Lucas Maius, Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (d. 1598)
• November 1 – Andrew Corbet, English landowner and politician (d. 1578)
• November 4 – Albert de Gondi, Marshal of France (d. 1602)
• November 9 – Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (d. 1586)
• November 18 – Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (d. 1568)
• December 16 – Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (d. 1581)
• date unknown
  • Mihrimah Sultan, Ottoman princess (d. 1578)
  • Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, Spanish Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. 1570)
  • Philothei, Greek saint (d. 1589)
  • Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (d. 1590)
• probable
  • Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (d. 1559)
• possible
  • Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

1523

• January 29 – Enea Vico, Italian engraver (d. 1567)
• February 1 – Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568)
• February 13 – Valentin Naboth, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1593)
• February 20 – Jan Blahoslav, Czech writer (d. 1571)
• March 14 – Helena Magenbuch, German pharmacist (d. 1597)
• March 17 – Giovanni Francesco Commendone, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)
• March 21 – Kaspar Eberhard, German theologian (d. 1575)
• April 5 – Blaise de Vigenère, French diplomat and cryptographer (d. 1596)
• April 21 – Marco Antonio Bragadin, Venetian lawyer and military officer (d. 1571)
• June 5 – Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1574)
• July 4 – Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero and art patron (d. 1583)
• July 18 – Duke George II of Brieg (1547–1586) (d. 1586)
• September 21 – Sancho d'Avila, Spanish general (d. 1583)
• September 22 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, French church leader and pretender to the throne (d. 1590)
• October 10 – Ludwig Rabus, German martyrologist (d. 1592)
• October 11 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1544)
• October 18 – Anna Jagiellon, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1596)
• date unknown
  • Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist and physician (d. 1562)
  • Gaspara Stampa, Italian poet (d. 1554)
• probable
  • Crispin van den Broeck, Flemish painter (d. 1591)
  • Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b. in 1522 or 1523; d. 1581)
• possible – Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; executed 1542)

1524

• February 10 – Albrecht Giese, German politician and diplomat (d. 1580)
• February 17 – Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, French cardinal (d. 1574)
• May 28 – Selim II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1574)
• June 12 – Achilles Statius, Portuguese humanist (d. 1581)
• June 24 – Johann Stössel, German theologian (d. 1576)
• August 23 – François Hotman, French Protestant lawyer and writer (d. 1590)
• September 7 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (d. 1583)
• September 11 – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d. 1585)
• October 4 – Francisco Vallés, Spanish physician (d. 1592)
• October 5 – Rani Durgavati, Queen of Gond (d. 1564)
• October 9 – Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1586)
• October 14 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Danish princess (d. 1586)
• October 16 – Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur, French Catholic bishop (d. 1577)
• November 12 – Diego de Landa, Bishop of the Yucatán (d. 1579)
• date unknown
  • Jan Borukowski, royal secretary of Poland (d. 1584)
  • Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (d. 1592)
  • Jean Pithou, French lawyer and author (d. 1602); and his twin brother, Nicolas Pithou, French lawyer and author (d. 1598)
  • Joseph Nasi, Portuguese Sephardi diplomat and administrator (d. 1579)
  • Thomas Tusser, English poet and farmer (d. 1580)
  • Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)
  • Plautilla Nelli, Italian painter (d. 1588)
  • Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn (d. 1579)
  • Catherine Carey, cousin of Elizabeth I of England (d. 1569)
  • Guyonne de Laval, French Huguenot magnate (d. 1567)
• possible
  • Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

1525

• January 29 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. 1562)
• February 5 – Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
• March 19 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (d. 1597)
• March 25 – Richard Edwardes, English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. 1566)
• March 26 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1581)
• June 1 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer (d. 1602)
• June 29 – Peter Agricola, German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585)
• September 1 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (d. 1601)
• September 11 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)
• September 25 – Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)
• November 7 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (d. 1575)
• December 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech astronomer (d. 1600)
• December 23 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1576)
• date unknown – Maharal of Prague, Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. 1609)
• probable
  • Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1569)
  • Baldassare Donato, Italian composer and singer (d. 1603)
  • Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (d. 1594)
  • Hans Staden, German soldier and sailor (d. 1579)

1526

• January 1 – Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin America, patron saint of Colombia (d. 1581)
• January 20 – Rafael Bombelli, Italian mathematician (d. 1572)
• January 25 – Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1586)
• February 1 – Niiro Tadamoto, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)
• February 2 – Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Polish noble (d. 1608)
• February 19 – Charles de L'Ecluse, Flemish botanist (d. 1609)
• February 23 – Gonçalo da Silveira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d. 1561)
• March 4 – Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (d. 1596)
• March 11 – Heinrich Rantzau, German humanist writer, astrologer, and astrological writer (d. 1598)
• April 5 – Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian painter (d. 1593)
• April 8 – Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg, Countess of Henneberg (d. 1566)
• April 12 – Muretus, French humanist (d. 1585)
• April 29 – Beate Clausdatter Bille, Danish noblewoman (d. 1593)
• June 9 – Matsudaira Hirotada, Japanese daimyō (d. 1549)
• June 25 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (d. 1565)
• July 9 – Elizabeth of Austria, Polish noble (d. 1545)
• July 10 – Philipe de Croÿ, Duke of Aerschot (d. 1595)
• July 31 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d. 1586)
• August 18 – Claude, Duke of Aumale (d. 1573)
• August 22 – Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau (d. 1559)
• September 23 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (d. 1563)
• September 26 – Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1569)
• October 1 – Dorothy Stafford, English noble (d. 1604)
• October 30 – Hubert Goltzius, Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (d. 1583)
• November 1 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John III of Sweden (d. 1583)
• November 12 – Andreas Gaill, German jurist and statesman (d. 1587)
• December 12 – Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (d. 1588)
• December 26 – Rose Lok, English businesswoman and Protestant exile during the Tudor period (d. 1613)
• December 28 – Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (d. 1589)
• date unknown
  • Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, Dutch war heroine (d. 1588)
  • Ikoma Chikamasa, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1603)
  • Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
• probable
  • Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman Muslim scientist (d. 1585)

1527

• March 4 – Ludwig Lavater, Swiss Reformed theologian (d. 1586)
• March 5 – Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1603)
• March 10 – Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, Italian nobleman (d. 1587)
• March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (d. 1558)
• March 28 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (d. 1579)
• March 31 – Edward Fitton, the elder, Irish politician (d. 1579)
• April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (d. 1598)
• c. May 1 – Johannes Stadius, German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (d. 1579)
• May 21 – Philip II, King of Spain (d. 1598)
• May 31 – Agnes of Hesse, German noble, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (d. 1555)
• June 11 – Anna Sophia of Prussia, Duchess of Prussia and Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1591)
• June 24 – Jean Vendeville, French law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1592)
• July 8 – Saitō Yoshitatsu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1561)
• July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (d. 1608)
• July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
• August 10 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg, German princess (d. 1595)
• September 29 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (d. 1596)
• October 2 – William Drury, English politician (d. 1579)
• October 15 – Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal (d. 1545)
• October 21 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)
• November 1
  • Pedro de Ribadeneira, Spanish hagiologist (d. 1611)
  • William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (d. 1597)
• November 3 – Tilemann Heshusius, Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (d. 1588)
• November 18 – Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (d. 1585)
• December 6 – Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (d. 1563)
• December 23 – Hugues Doneau, French lawyer (d. 1591)
• date unknown
  • Luis de León, Spanish lyric poet and mystic (d. 1591)
  • Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (d. 1575)
• probable
  • John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1554)
  • Lawrence Humphrey, English clergyman and educator (d. 1590)

1528

• February 29
  • Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)
  • Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
• March 10 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1582)
• March 25 – Jakob Andreae, German theologian (d. 1590)
• June 7 – Cyriacus Spangenberg, German theologian and historian (d. 1604)
• June 21 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
• June 29 – Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1589)
• July 7 – Archduchess Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1590)
• July 8 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)
• July 26 – Diego Andrada de Payva, Portuguese theologian (d. 1575)
• August 10 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)
• September 25 – Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1603)
• October 4? – Francisco Guerrero, Spanish composer (d. 1599)
• October 10 – Adam Lonicer, German botanist (d. 1586)
• November 2 – Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (d. 1560)
• November 6 – Gabriel Goodman, Dean of Westminster (d. 1601)
• November 12 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese military general (d. 1588)
• November 14 – Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela, Spanish noble (d. 1599)
• November 16 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)
• November 29 – Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592)
• date unknown
  • Igram van Achelen, Dutch statesman (d. 1604)
  • Adam von Bodenstein, Swiss alchemist and physician (d. 1577)
  • Jean-Jacques Boissard, French antiquary and Latin poet (d. 1602)
  • Andrey Kurbsky, Russian writer (d. 1583)
  • George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (d. 1590)
  • Phùng Khắc Khoan, Vietnamese military strategist, politician, diplomat and poet (d. 1613)
  • Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1578)
  • Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (d. 1582)
  • Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese daimyō (d. 1579)
  • Thomas Whythorne, English musician and author (d. 1595)
• probable
  • Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English general (d. 1590)
  • Paul de Foix, French diplomat (d. 1584)
  • Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland (d. 1568)
  • Costanzo Porta, Italian composer (d. 1601)

1529

• January 8 – John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (d. 1595)
• January 13 – Ebba Månsdotter, Swedish noble (d. 1609)
• February 14 – Markus Fugger, German businessman (d. 1597)
• February 23 – Onofrio Panvinio, Augustinian historian (d. 1568)
• April 3 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and historian (d. 1581)
• April 25 – Francesco Patrizi, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1597)
• May 12 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (d. 1575)
• June 7 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer, poet and author (d. 1615)
• June 14 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (d. 1595)
• July 16 – Petrus Peckius the Elder, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (d. 1589)
• July 20 – Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland (d. 1586)
• July 24 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1577)
• August 10 – Ernst Vögelin, German publisher (d. 1589)
• September 1 – Taddeo Zuccari, Italian painter (d. 1566)
• September 25 – Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (d. 1583)
• October 26 – Anna of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1591)
• December 11 – Fulvio Orsini, Italian humanist historian (d. 1600)
• December 16 – Laurent Joubert, French physician (d. 1582)
• date unknown
  • Titu Cusi, Inca ruler of Vilcabamba (d. 1571)
  • Giambologna, Italian sculptor (d. 1608)
  • Michał Wiśniowiecki, Ruthenian prince at Wiśniowiec (d. 1584)
  • George Puttenham, English critic (d. 1590)

Deaths

1520

• January 10 – Jo Gwang-jo, Korean philosopher (b. 1482)
• February 3 – Sten Sture the Younger, Viceroy of Sweden (b. 1493)
• February 7 – Alfonsina de' Medici, née Orsini, Regent of Florence (b. 1472)
• April 6 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (b. 1483)
• May 22 – Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (b. 1456)
• June 24 – Hosokawa Sumimoto, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1489)
• June 29 – Moctezuma II, 9th Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, assassinated or possibly killed in a riot, 1502-1520 (b. 1466)
• August 6 – Kunigunde of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1465)
• September 3 – Ippolito d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1479)
• September 22 – Selim I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1470)
• October – Cuitláhuac, 10th Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, 1520, brother of Moctezuma II, smallpox (b. c. 1476)
• November 9 – Bernardo Dovizi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1470)
• date unknown
  • Cacamatzin, king of Texcoco (altepetl) (modern Mexico) (b. 1483)
  • Ratna Malla, first Raja of Kantipur
  • Visoun, king of Lan Xang (b. 1465)
  • Sheikh Hamdullah, Ottoman calligrapher (b. 1436)
  • Clara Tott, German court singer (b. 1440)
• probable – Filippo de Lurano, Italian composer (b. 1475)

1521

• January 6 – Cardinal William de Croÿ (b. 1497)
• January 15 – John II, Duke of Cleves (b. 1458)
• April 20 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)
• April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed)
  • Juan López de Padilla
  • Juan Bravo
  • Francisco Maldonado
• April 27 – Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480)
• April 28 – Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b. 1491)
• May 10 – Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457)
• May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b. 1478)
• June 15 – Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442)
• June 22 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (b. 1436)
• July – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)
• July 9 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (b. 1461)
• August 27 – Josquin des Prez, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)
• October 7 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1494)
• October 22 – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459)
• October 24 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (b. 1464)
• November 2 – Margaret of Lorraine, French Duchess of Alençon, Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1463)
• December 1 – Pope Leo X (b. 1475)
• December 13 – King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)
• December 21 – Domenico Spadafora, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1450)

• 1521 in art

1522

• January 25 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (b. 1451)
• January 29 – Wolfgang I of Oettingen, German count (b. 1455)
• February 25 – William Lilye, English classical scholar (b. c. 1468)
• April – Queen Eleni of Ethiopia
• April 10 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Italian philosopher (b. 1466)
• June 13 – Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (b. 1450)
• June 24 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse, German noble (b. 1483)
• June 25 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (b. 1451)
• June 30 – Johann Reuchlin, German humanist and Hebrew scholar (b. 1455)
• August 28 – Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, sculptor, engineer and architect
• September – Gavin Douglas, Scottish poet and bishop (b. c. 1474)
• October 30 – Jean Mouton, French composer (b. c. 1459)
• November 14 – Anne of France, Princess and Regent of France (b. 1461)
• date unknown – Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, Italian painter (b. 1440)

1523

• January 17 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (b. 1466)
• February 4 – Thomas Ruthall, English chancellor of the University of Cambridge
• March 28 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein, founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (b. 1463)
• April 6 – Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English nobleman (b. 1479)
• May 7
  • Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral and Doge of Venice (b. 1434)
  • Franz von Sickingen, German knight (b. 1481)
• May 23 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (b. 1466)
• May 24 – Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney, English politician (b. 1447)
• July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos, Flemish Lutheran martyrs
• July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian rebel and warlord (b. 1490)
• August 13 – Gerard David, Flemish artist (b. c. 1455)
• August 27 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (b. 1461)
• August 29 – Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)
• September 14 – Pope Adrian VI (b. 1459)
• October 2 – Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (b. 1461)
• October 5 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (b. 1454)
• October 11 – Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (b. 1450)
• October – William Cornysh, English composer (b. 1465)
• November 10 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (b. 1465)
• date unknown – Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (b. 1446)

1524

• January 5 – Marko Marulić, Croatian poet (b. 1450)
• January 6 – Amalie of the Palatinate, duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1490)
• February 10 – Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1468)
• February 11 – Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan, daughter of King Alfonso II of Naples (b. 1470)
• February 20 – Tecun Uman, Kʼicheʼ Mayan ruler (b. c. 1500)
• March 28
  • Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg (b. 1451)
  • Ingrid Persdotter, Swedish nun and letter writer
• April 14 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, English baron (b. 1468)
• April 30 – Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, French soldier (b. 1473)
• May 17 – Francesco Soderini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1453)
• May 21 – Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English soldier and statesman (b. 1443)
• May 23 – Ismail I, Safavid dynasty Shah of Persia (b. 1487)
• May 31 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1458)
• June 12 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
• July 9 – Sibylle of Brandenburg, Duchess of Jülich and Berg (b. 1467)
• July 20 – Claude of France, queen consort of Francis I of France (b. 1499)
• August 4 – Helen of the Palatinate, Duchess of Pomerania (b. 1493)
• August 24 – Sir William Scott, English Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1459)
• September 18 – Charlotte of Valois, French princess (b. 1516)
• October 5 – Joachim Patinir, Flemish landscape painter (b. c. 1480)
• October 20 – Thomas Linacre, English humanist and physician (b. 1460)
• October 26 – Philip II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1486–1524) (b. 1453)
• November 12 – Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, Spanish archbishop and courtier (b. 1451)
• December 24 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1469)
• date unknown
  • Hans Holbein the Elder, German painter (b. 1460)
  • Andrea Solari, Italian painter (b. 1460)
  • Tang Yin, Chinese painter (b. 1470)

1525

• January 14 – Franciabigio, Florentine painter (b. 1482)
• February 24 (in action at the Battle of Pavia)
  • Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (b. c. 1488)
  • Jacques de La Palice, French nobleman and military officer (b. 1470)
  • Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. 1480)
  • Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (b. 1460)
  • Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (b. 1477)
  • René de Brosse, French noble
• February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)
• April 2 or April 3 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. 1475)
• May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1463)
• May 12 – Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburgian royal (b. 1485)
• May 18 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (b. 1462)
• May 27 – Thomas Müntzer, German pastor and rebel leader (b. 1489) (executed)
• July 5 – Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia, German noble (b. 1493)
• July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat (b. c. 1456)
• August 4 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (b. 1435)
• October 24 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. 1467)
• November 17 – Eleanor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal (b. 1458)
• December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
• probable
  • Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (b. 1473)
  • Anna Bielke, Swedish noble and commander (b. 1490)

1526

• January 16 – Catherine of the Palatinate, Abbess of Neuburg am Neckar (b. 1499)
• January 19 – Isabella of Burgundy, queen of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1501)
• February 23 – Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies (b. c. 1479)
• March 24 – Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1458)
• March 30 – Konrad Mutian, German humanist (b. 1471)
• April 21 – Ibrahim Lodi, last Sultan of Delhi (in battle)
• April 25 – Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester (b. 1460)
• May 19 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (b. 1464)
• June 4 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (b. 1467)
• July 14 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English noble (b. 1499)
• July 30 – García Jofre de Loaísa, Spanish explorer (b. 1490)
• August 4 – Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (b. 1476)
• August 29 – King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (in battle) (b. 1506)
• September 5 – Alonso de Salazar, Spanish explorer
• October 18 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Spanish explorer (b. 1480)
• November 5 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician (b. 1465)
• November 30 – Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Italian condottiero (b. 1498)

• December 12 – Le Chieu Tong, Emperor of Đại Việt, was killed by Mạc Đăng Dung (b. 1506)

• Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, sultan of Adal (assassinated)
• Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, founder of the Spanish colony of Nicaragua (b. c. 1475)
• Ingerd Erlendsdotter, noblewoman and landowner
• Binnya Ran II, Burmese king of Hanthawaddy (b. 1469)
• Conrad Grebel, co-founder of the Anabaptist movement (b. 1498)

1527

• January 5 – Felix Manz, leader of the Swiss Anabaptists (executed) (b. 1498)
• January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conqueror (b. 1489)
• March 14 – Shwenankyawshin, Burmese king of Ava (b. 1476)
• March 17 – Rana Sanga, Indian ruler (b. 1484)
• April 19
  • Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1453)
  • Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1477)
• April/May – Sir Thomas Docwra, English Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1458)
• May 6 – Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (b. 1490)
• June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (b. 1469)
• June 28 – Bernardo de' Rossi, Italian bishop (b. 1468)
• July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conqueror and explorer (b. c. 1460)
• July 31 – Anna Swenonis, Swedish manuscript illuminator
• September 21 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (b. 1481)
• October 27 – Johann Froben, Swiss printer and publisher (b. c. 1460)
• November 15 – Catherine of York, English princess (b. 1479)
• November 8 – Jerome Emser, German theologian (b. 1477)
• date unknown
  • Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1433)
  • Luisa de Medrano, Spanish scholar (b. 1484)
  • Div Sultan Rumlu, Persian military leader
  • Petrus Thaborita, Frisian historian and monk (b. c. 1450)
  • Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect (b. c. 1460)
  • Jan "Ciężki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1479)
  • Huayna Capac, Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (b. 1493)
  • Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi, Italian calligrapher and type designer (b. 1475)
• probable – Jane Shore, mistress of King Edward IV of England

1528

• January 30 – Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (b. 1484)
• February 29 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)
• March 10 – Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)
• April 1 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer (b. c. 1470)
• April 6 – Albrecht Dürer, German artist, writer, and mathematician (b. 1471)
• July – Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (b. 1480)
• August 15 – Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, French military leader (b. 1485)
• August 20 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (b. 1473)
• August 23 – Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (b. 1500)
• August 31 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)
• September – Pánfilo de Narváez, Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b. 1480)
• October 5 – Richard Foxe, English churchman (b. c. 1448)
• October 18 – Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1495)
• October 21 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (b. 1463)
• November 17 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (b. 1450)
• December 7 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1469)
• date unknown
  • Giovanni da Verrazzano, Italian explorer (b. 1485)
  • Peter Vischer the Younger, German sculptor (b. 1487)
  • Mahmud Shah of Malacca, Malaccan sultan
  • Daljunkern, Swedish rebel leader who may have been pretender Nils Sture (b. 1512)
  • Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (b. 1472)
  • Guru Ravidas, (b. 1377)

1529

• January 7 – Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (b. 1455)
• January 9 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (b. 1472)
• January 29 – Ōuchi Yoshioki, Japanese daimyo (b. 1477)
• February 2 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer and diplomat (b. 1478)
• February 4 – Ludwig Haetzer, German Protestant reformer (executed) (b. 1500)
• March 28 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1501)
• April 20 – Silvio Passerini, Italian cardinal and lord of Florence (b. 1469)
• May 12 – Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington (b. c. 1460)
• June 21 – John Skelton, English poet (b. c. 1460)
• September 6 – George Blaurock, Swiss founder of the Anabaptist Church (b. 1491)
• September 27 – George of the Palatinate, German nobleman; Bishop of Speyer (1513–1529) (b. 1486)
• November 20 – Karl von Miltitz, German papal nuncio (b. c. 1490)
• date unknown
  • Krishnadevaraya, Vijaynagar emperor
  • Richard Pynson, Norman-born English printer (b. 1448)
  • Andrea Sansovino, Italian sculptor (b. 1467)
  • Petrus Särkilahti, Finnish Lutheran and scientist
  • Paulus Aemilius Veronensis, Italian historian (b. 1455)
• probable – Lo Spagna, Italian painter
• possible – La Malinche, Nahua (native Mexican) interpreter and translator for Hernán Cortés, during the Conquest of Mexico

References

The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.

Events

1530

January–June

• February 14 – Tangaxuan II, last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain.
• February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.
• June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

July–December

• August 3 – Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence, and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici.
• September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria.
• October 8 – A flood engulfs Rome.
• October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.
• November 5 – St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland: a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal.
• November 24 – Tabinshwehti succeeds his father Mingyi Nyo as king of the Toungoo dynasty, following the latter's death.
• December – Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition sets out for Brazil from Portugal.
• December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death.

Date unknown

• The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.
• Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.
• Erasmus publishes On Civility in Children (De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus), which becomes popular and widely translated.
• First complete edition of the 'Zürich Bible', Huldrych Zwingli's translation into German printed by Christoph Froschauer, is published.

1531

January–June

• January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die.
• February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.
• February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.
• April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants.
• April 12 – Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers in Songhai; Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.
• April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded.
• May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but in 1533 he properly deals with the rebellion and punishes those responsible.
• June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded.

July–December

• July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.
• August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.
• August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion.
• October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.
• October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
• November – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo.
• December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.
• December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.

Date unknown

• Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata.
• Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán.
• The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based on Sufi philosophy.
• Kõpu Lighthouse is completed.
• A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.
• A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.

1532

January–June

• January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.
• March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by the Speaker of the House of Commons. Henry responds by stating that the commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament is prorogued until April 10.
• April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.
• May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.
• May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
• June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.

July–December

• July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.
• August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.
• August 5–30 – Siege of Güns: The Ottoman army under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent fails to take the city of Güns, and due to the incoming raining weather and reinforcements from Charles V to Vienna, Suleiman's army retreats.
• September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.
• November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves. He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold.

Date unknown

• The Prince is published, five years after the death of the author, Niccolò Machiavelli.
• Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais.
• Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.
• Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe.
• The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs".
• Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.

1533

January–June

• January 25 – King Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort.
• January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England.
• March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
• April – The Statute in Restraint of Appeals in England declares the king to be the supreme sovereign and forbids judicial appeals to the papacy.
• May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer. Since Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.
• June 1
  • Cartagena, Colombia, is founded by Pedro de Heredia.
  • Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen consort of England, in Westminster Abbey.

July–December

• July 11 – Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer.
• July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• July 26 – Sapa Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte, at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca.^: 77–78 The Spanish arrange for his younger brother Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor,^: 86–67 but he dies due to a believed poisoning soon afterwards.
• October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.
• November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru.^: 115
• December 3 – Ivan IV succeeds his father Vasili III as Grand Prince of Muscovy at the age of three; he will rule in Russia until his death in 1584.
• December – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico.
  • December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – They discover Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island.
  • December 28 – They discover Isla de los Inocentes, probably San Benedicto Island.

Date unknown

• Pechenga Monastery is founded, in the far north of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
• 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.

1534

January–June

• January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.
• February 23 – A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
• c. March – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
• March 30 – Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring Submission of the Clergy, that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.
• April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.
• April 7 – Sir Thomas More is confined in the Tower of London.
• May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
• June 9 – Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence.
• June 23 – Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.
• June 29 – Jacques Cartier discovers Prince Edward Island.

July–December

• July 4 – The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.
• July 7 – The first known exchange occurs between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
• July 20 – Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.
• August 15 – Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Society of Jesus, in Montmartre (Paris).
• August 26 – Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
• October 13 – Pope Paul III succeeds Pope Clement VII, as the 220th pope.
• October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).
• November 3–December 18 – The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.
• December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.

Date unknown

• Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).
• The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids.
• Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.
• Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, adding the Old Testament and Apocrypha to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and including woodcut illustrations.
• The first book in Yiddish is printed (in Kraków), Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.

1535

January–June

• January 18 – Lima, Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes.
• February 27 – George Joye publishes his Apologye in Antwerp, to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale.
• March – English forces under William Skeffington storm Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare.
• March 10 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands, when blown off course en route to Peru.
• May 4 – The first of the English Carthusian Martyrs is executed.
• May 10 – Amsterdam: A small troop of Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels. In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.
• May 19 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).
• May 20 – William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation, and imprisoned in Vilvoorde.
• June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.
• June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.
• June 22 – Cardinal John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King Henry VIII of England.
• June 24 – Münster Rebellion: The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.

July–December

• July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church, and separate from the Roman Catholic Church.
• July 15 – Archdeacon Charles Reynolds (cleric), envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King Henry VIII for heresy.
• October 2 – Jacques Cartier reaches the island in the Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes Montreal.
• October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
• December – Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru.

Date unknown

• Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
• Spanish forces abandon the second attempted conquest of Yucatán.
• The earliest (partially) preserved printed book in Estonian, a Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, for use in Tallinn.
• Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.

1536

January–June

• January – King Henry VIII of England suffers a leg injury during a jousting tournament in Greenwich.
• January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.
• January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.
• February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. The compact is confirmed in 1569.
• February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter, founder of the Hutterites, is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy.
• March
  • The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.
  • The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin. Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
• April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.
• April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
• April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
• May 2 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.
• May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.
• May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.
• May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.
• May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.
• May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.
• June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
• June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.
• June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.

July–December

• July 29 – Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
• August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
• August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom.
• October 1–December 5 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, beginning as the Lincolnshire Rising and spreading to Yorkshire, from where it is led by Robert Aske.
• October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.

Date unknown

• Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.
• Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.

1537

January–June

• January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
• January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire.
• January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.
• January
  • Battle of Ollantaytambo: Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish and their Indian allies led by Hernando Pizarro.
• February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle. He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.
• March 8 – Chipatá, now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia, is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada, which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela.
• March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil.
• April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.
• April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.
• April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.
• June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.
• June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.

July–December

• July – Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru.
• August 15 – The city of Asunción, now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay, is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.
• August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
• August–September – The Ottoman Empire fails to capture Corfu, but does conquer the islands of Paros and Ios under Hayreddin Barbarossa.
• October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England, Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever.

Date unknown

• The Spaniards bring the potato to Europe.
• Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
• Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.
• The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. .
• The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III; these include Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
• Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London) The Matthew Bible, edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.

Ongoing

• Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious organizations dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory, Castle Acre Priory, Chertsey Abbey, Furness Abbey, London Charterhouse and Valle Crucis Abbey.

1538

January–March

• January 14 – Leonard Grey, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent County Laois, formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership. between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.
• January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire, on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani, escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia. After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski have Katzianer murdered.
• February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily, is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.
• February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.
• March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III. He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.

April–June

• April 6 – In India,Sher Shah Suri, who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.
• April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: In Peru, Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.
• May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland, while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London, with neither of the two seeing each other.
• May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.
• May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell, the former Chief Minister of England.
• June 18 –
  • Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.
  • The formal wedding of Mary of Guise and King James V of Scotland takes place at St Andrews Cathedral.
• June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.

July–September

• July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth, granddaughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus, son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck. The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543.
• July 25 – The city of Guayaquil, now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".
• August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
• September 18 – Ştefan V Lăcustă of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, Petru Rareș.
• September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.
• September 29– The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy begins and lasts one week.

October–December

• October 6 – The eruption the Italian volcano ends after seven days, having created Monte Nuovo.
• October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.
• November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.
• November 30
  • Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
  • Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved.
• December 17 – Pope Paul III confirms the excommunication of Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church.

Date unknown

• Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.
• The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
• In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).

1539

January–March

• January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected two a two year term as Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria.
• January 12 – Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.
• January – Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War – Battle of Naungyo, Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
• February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England.
• March 1 – King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28.
• March 2 – Askia Isma'il, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa, dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded by Askia Ishaq I.
• March 30 – Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.

April–June

• April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").
• April 19 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed at Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon, representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states. Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.
• April 28 – The English Parliament meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
• May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
• May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.
• May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.
• June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
• June 28 – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.

July–September

• July 13 – Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Great following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha
• July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa, leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento, rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.
• The siege of Castelnuovo ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.
• August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
• August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.
• September 7 – Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.

October–December

• October 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves.
• November 1 – Joachim II Hector introduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
• November 26 – Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering Fountains Abbey to the English Crown.
• December 7 – Juan Pardo de Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.
• December 15 – In the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada (now the Republic of Colombia, Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado and his troops fight a final battle at Duitama (now the Boyacá Department) against the indigenous armies of the Muisca Confederation, led by Tundama.
• December 27 – Anne of Cleves arrives in England in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 florins to her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.

Undated

• Protestant Reformation
  • Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.
  • Beaulieu Abbey, Bolton Abbey, Colchester Abbey, Newstead Abbey, St Albans Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, York and Hartland Abbey (the last) fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England.
  • The first edition of the Calvinist Genevan Psalter is published.
• In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
• The first printing press in North America is set up in Mexico City.
• Teseo Ambrogio's Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas, published in Pavia, introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.

Births

1530

• January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571)
• January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587)
• February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)
• February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578)
• February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600)
• March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573)
• May 5 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, French nobleman (d. 1574)
• May 7 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Protestant general (d. 1569)
• June 17 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579)
• June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg, German physician (d. 1598)
• July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602)
• August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
• August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (d. 1565)
• August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)
• August 25 – Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584)
• September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)
• October 1 – Walter Aston, English politician (d. 1589)
• October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck, Flemish sculptor (d. 1606)
• October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
• November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)
• November 6 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (d. 1576)
• December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616)
• December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (d. 1592)
• date unknown
  • Julius Caesar Aranzi, Italian anatomist (d. 1589)
  • Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (d. 1569)
  • Christopher Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581)
  • Jean Bodin, French jurist (d. 1596)
  • Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Polish bishop, political thinker and philosopher (d. 1607)
  • Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (d. 1566)
  • Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608)
  • Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584)
  • Jean Nicot, French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606)
  • Mordecai Yoffe, Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612)
  • Anastasia Romanovna, Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560)
  • Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (d. 1587)
• probable
  • Moses Isserles, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572)
  • Claude Le Jeune, French composer (d. 1600)
  • Gráinne O'Malley, Irish ruler (d. 1603)
  • Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598)
  • Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567)
  • Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595)
  • Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (d. 1568)
  • Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581)
  • Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580)
  • Pey de Garros, Provençal poet (d. 1585)

1531

• January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575)
• April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)
• May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)
• May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
• June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)
• July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)
• July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)
• September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)
• September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)
• September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)
• Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)
• October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)
• October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)
• October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)
• October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)
• November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)
• November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)
• November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)
• November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)
• December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)
• December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)
• December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
• date unknown
  • Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)
  • António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
  • John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)
  • Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)

1532

• January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (d. 1598)
• February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (d. 1607)
• February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589)
• March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611)
• March 25 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596)
• April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger, German theologian (d. 1608)
• April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568)
• June 1 – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (d. 1605)
• June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)
• June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560)
• June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579)
• June 16 – Francis Coster, Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619)
• June 24
  • Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable; d. 1588)
  • William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592)
• July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (d. 1565)
• July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)
• August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590)
• October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596)
• October 30 – Yuri of Uglich, Prince of Uglich (d. 1563)
• November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)
• November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585)
• December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605)
• December 20
  • John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586)
  • Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (d. 1577)
• December 26 – Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
• date unknown
  • Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit missionary (d. 1613)
  • William Allen, English cardinal (d. 1594)
  • Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (d. 1585)
  • Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary (d. 1597)
  • Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (d. 1592)
  • John Hawkins, English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595)
  • Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (d. 1573)
  • Ralph Lane, English explorer (d. 1603)
  • Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585)
  • Thomas Norton, English lawyer (d. 1584)
  • Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623)
  • Flavio Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581)
  • Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600)
• probable
  • Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian portrait painter (d. 1625)
  • Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer (d. 1594)

1533

• January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (d. 1600)
• January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)
• January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner, German theologian (d. 1587)
• January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)
• February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589)
• February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)
• February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
• February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592)
• March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550)^: 397
• April 5 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)
• April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604)
• April 24 – William I of Orange (d. 1584)
• May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596)
• July 20 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578)
• July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)
• August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588)
• August 7
  • Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595)
  • Valentin Weigel, German theologian (d. 1588)
• September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (d. 1589)
• September 7 – Queen Elizabeth I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1603)
• September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572)
• September 27 – Stefan Batory, King of Poland (d. 1586)
• October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568)
• October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)
• October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602)
• November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1597)^: 510
• December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)
• date unknown – Eknath, Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599)
• probable
  • Amina, Queen of Zazzua (d. 1610)
  • Cornelis Cort, Dutch engraver (d. 1578)
  • David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (k. 1566)

1534

• January 6 – Pavao Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)
• February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)
• February 10 – Song Ikpil, Korean scholar (d. 1599)
• March 19 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)
• April 18 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)
• June 15 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)
• June 23 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
• July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)
• July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)
• July 18 – Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (d. 1583)
• August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
• September 24 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
• October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597)
• October 18 – Jean Passerat, French writer (d. 1602)
• November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)
• November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)
• November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)
• November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)
• December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d. 1604)
• December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
• date unknown
  • Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d. 1590)
  • Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d. 1572)
  • Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. 1601)
  • Paul Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. 1573)
  • Joan Waste, English Protestant martyr (d. 1556)
  • Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (d. 1557)

1535

• February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)
• January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603)
• February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564)
• February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593)
• February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578)
• March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592)
• March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587)
• May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)
• June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)
• June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604)
• June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
• June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)
• July 4 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592)
• July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609)
• July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
• August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
• September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612)
• September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551)
• October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
• November 9 – Nanda Bayin, King of Burma (d. 1600)
• December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597)
• December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)
• date unknown
  • Federico Barocci, Italian painter (d. 1612)
  • Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (d. 1594)
  • James Melville of Halhill, Scottish historian (d. 1617)
  • Thomas North, English translator (d. c. 1604)
  • Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (d. 1596)
  • Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (d. 1610)

1536

• January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569)
• February 2
  • Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623)
  • Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612)
• February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612)
• February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)
• March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)
• March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)
• April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)
• May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603)
• May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587)
• August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587)
• August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566)
• August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607)
• October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601)
• October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586)
• October 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (d. 1614)
• November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
• November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606)
• December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584)
• December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572)
• date unknown
  • Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593)
  • Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
  • Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602)
  • Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624)
  • Roger Marbeck, chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604)
  • Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608)
  • Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596)
  • Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
  • Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614)

1537

• January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605)
• January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)
• February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575)
• March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572)
• May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)
• May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619)
• May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604)
• May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577)
• June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554)
• July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604)
• July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
• July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
• August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604)
• August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
• October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554)
• October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553)
• November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583)
• December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
• December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)
• December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586)
• December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593)
• date unknown
  • Jane Lumley, English translator (d. 1578)
  • Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582)
  • John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
  • Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567)
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598)

1538

• January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612)
• January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)
• January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
• January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
• January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565)
• February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
• March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612)
• April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)
• April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600)
• June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614)
• July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
• July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)
• September 29
  • Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
  • Joan Terès i Borrull, Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
• October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584)
• October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559)
• November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606)
• June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)
• July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619)
• December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615)
• December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612)
• December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566)
• December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613)
• December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
• December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
• date unknown
  • François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
  • Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601)
  • Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568)
  • Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)
  • Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601)

1539

• January 28 – Nicolò Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1618)
• February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582)
• February 23
  • Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
  • Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d. 1613)
• February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (d. 1597)
• March 5 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (d. 1604)
• March 18 – Maria of Nassau, Countess of Nassau (d. 1599)
• April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603)
• April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (d. 1602)
• April 7
  • Tobias Stimmer, Swiss artist (d. 1584)
  • Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (d. 1610)
• April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1572)
• May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621)
• May 29 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613)
• June 6 – Catherine Vasa, Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610)
• June 13 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
• June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (d. 1589)
• July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583)
• September 18 – Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595)
• October 1 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (d. 1611)
• November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
• December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (d. 1604)
• December 20 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (d. 1602)
• December 31 – John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
• date unknown
  • José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (d. 1590)
  • Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (d. 1610)
  • Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist (d. 1608)
  • Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d. 1583)

Deaths

1530

• February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485)
• February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490)
• April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)
• May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander
• June 4 – Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1493)
• June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465)
• June 6 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (b. 1512)
• June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473)
• August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)
• August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana:
  • Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (b. 1489)
  • Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (b. 1502)
• August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)
• August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460)
• August 28 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (b. 1454)
• August 29 – Moise of Wallachia
• September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)
• September 15 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (b. 1508)
• October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477)
• November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)
• November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, British statesman (b. c. 1473)
• December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)
• December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470)
• December 26 – Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483)
• date unknown
  • Quentin Matsys, Flemish painter (b. 1466)
  • Estienne de La Roche, French mathematician (b. 1470)
  • Søren Norby, Danish naval commander
  • Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (b. 1487)

1531

• January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)
• January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)
• February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)
• March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)
• March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)
• May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)
• May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)
• May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)
• July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)
• July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
• July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers
• August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)
• September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)
• September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)
• October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)
• November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)
• November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)
• December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)
• date unknown
  • Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495)
  • Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
  • Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
  • Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479)
  • Gerónimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489)
• probable
  • Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)
  • Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)

1532

• May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex
• June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)
• June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479)
• July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470)
• August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518)
• August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468)
• August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467)
• August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)
• September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia
• October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter
• December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500)
• December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502)
• December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)
• December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500)
• December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467)
• date unknown
  • Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (b. 1500)
  • Huáscar, 12th Inca Emperor

1533

• March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467)
• April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471)
• April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)
• April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488)
• June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496)
• July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503)
• July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)
• July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502)^: 77–78
• September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461)
• September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479)
• September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447)
• October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522)
• October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru
• December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479)
• date unknown
  • Alauddin Firuz Shah II, sultan of Bengal
  • Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1460)
  • Anne Rud, Danish noble and defender
  • Fortún Ximénez, Spanish sailor and mutineer
  • Bayin Htwe, king of Prome in Burma
  • Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494)
• probable – Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (b. 1477)

1534

• January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)
• January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507)
• February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)
• March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)
• March 17 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490)
• March 19 – Michael Weiße, German theologian (b. c. 1488)
• April 5 – Jan Matthys, German Anabaptist reformer
• April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)
• May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)
• June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)
• June 27 – Hille Feicken, Dutch Anabaptist
• August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)
• August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)
• August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
• September 7 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (b. 1479)
• September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)
• September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)
• October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)
• November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)
• November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
• November 23 – Beatriz Galindo, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465)
• December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1508)
• December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b. 1453)
• date unknown
  • István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b. 1477)
  • Edward Guildford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1474)
  • Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b. 1499)
  • Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b. 1474)
  • Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1497)
  • John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b. 1480)

1535

• February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486)
• February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450)
• April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492)
• May 4 (executed by Henry VIII of England):
  • Saint John Houghton, Carthusian monk
  • Saint Robert Lawrence, Carthusian monk
  • Saint Augustine Webster, Prior of the London Charterhouse
  • Saint Richard Reynolds, Bridgettine monk of Syon
• May 26 – Francesco Berni, Italian poet (b. 1497)
• June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer, Dutch Anabaptist
• June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500)
• June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469)
• July 6 – Sir Thomas More, English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478)
• July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
• August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509)
• September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)
• September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)
• November 17 – Piero de Ponte, 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462)
• December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (b. 1511)
• December 31 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
• date unknown
  • Jodocus Badius, Flemish pioneer of printing (b. 1462)
  • Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (b. 1516)
  • Bartolomeo Tromboncino, Italian composer (b. 1470)
  • Feliks Zamoyski, Polish noble

1536

• January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)
• January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485)
• January 22
  • John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509)
  • Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495)
• February 25
  • Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492)
  • Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)
• March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493)
• April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)
• May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503)
• May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501/1507)
• May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
• June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474)
• July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466)
• July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519)
• June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482)
• August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
• September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)
• September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller
• September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483)
• October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494)
• October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503)
• December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)
• date unknown
  • Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465)
  • Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473)
  • Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai
  • John Rastell, English printer and author
  • Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450)

1537

• January 6
  • Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)
  • Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)
• January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459)
• February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499)
• February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513)
• February 8
  • Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480)
  • Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481)
• January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498)
• March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489)
• March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498)
• May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482)
• May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485)
• June 2
  • Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507)
  • Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504)
  • Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502)
• June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487)
• June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502)
• July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)
• July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500)
• September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475)
• September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472)
• September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch
• September 25 – William Framyngham, English author
• October 24 – Jane Seymour, 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508)
• October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510)
• December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490)
• date unknown – John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle
• probable – Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475)

1538

• January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504)
• February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488)
• February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).
• February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480)
• March 18 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
• April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480)
• April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510)
• May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496)
• May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482)
• May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471)
• June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467)
• June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467)
• July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475)
• September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483)
• September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515)
• October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490)
• November 22 – John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)
• December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455)
• date unknown
  • Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (b. 1475)
  • Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
  • Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450)

1539

• January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509)
• February – Narapati of Prome, king of Prome in Burma.
• February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
• February 13 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474)
• March 5 – Nuno da Cunha, Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487)
• March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
• March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard, English nobleman (b. c. 1478))
• April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
• April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (b. 1460)
• April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (b. 1470)
• May 1 – Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503)
• May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
• May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
• June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486)
• July 5 – St Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
• July 9 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476)
• August – Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (b. 1480)
• September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (b. 1475)
• November 14 – Hugh Cook Faringdon, English Abbot of Reading
• December 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (b. 1474)
• December 20 – Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. c. 1506)
• date unknown
  • James Beaton, Scottish church leader (b. 1473)
  • Cura Ocllo, Inca queen

References