Joachim du Bellay (French: [ʒɔaʃɛ̃ dy bɛlɛ]; c. 1522 – 1 January 1560) was a French poet, critic, and a founder of La Pléiade. He notably wrote the manifesto of the group: Défense et illustration de la langue française, which aimed at promoting French as an artistic language, equal to Greek and Latin.

Biography

Joachim du Bellay was born at the Castle of La Turmelière, not far from Liré, near Angers, being the son of Jean du Bellay, Lord of Gonnor, first cousin of the cardinal Jean du Bellay and of Guillaume du Bellay. His mother was Renée Chabot, daughter of Perceval Chabot and heiress of La Turmelière (Plus me plaît le séjour qu'ont bâti mes aïeux).

Both his parents died while he was still a child, and he was left to the guardianship of his elder brother, René du Bellay, who neglected his education, leaving him to run wild at La Turmelière. When he was twenty-three, however, he received permission to study law at the University of Poitiers, no doubt with a view to his obtaining preferment through his kinsman the Cardinal Jean du Bellay. At Poitiers he came in contact with the humanist Marc Antoine Muret, and with Jean Salmon Macrin (1490–1557), a Latin poet famous in his day. There too he probably met Jacques Peletier du Mans, who had published a translation of the Ars Poetica of Horace, with a preface in which much of the program advocated later by La Pléiade is to be found in outline.

It was probably in 1547 that du Bellay met Ronsard in an inn on the way to Poitiers, an event which may justly be regarded as the starting-point of the French school of Renaissance poetry. The two had much in common, and became fast friends. Du Bellay returned with Ronsard to Paris to join the circle of students of the humanities attached to Jean Dorat at the Collège de Coqueret.

While Ronsard and Jean-Antoine de Baïf were most influenced by Greek models, du Bellay was more especially a Latinist, and perhaps his preference for a language so nearly connected with his own had some part in determining the more national and familiar note of his poetry. In 1548 appeared the Art poétique of Thomas Sébillet, who enunciated many of the ideas that Ronsard and his followers had at heart, though with essential differences in the point of view, since he held up as models Clément Marot and his disciples. Ronsard and his friends dissented violently from Sébillet on this and other points, and they doubtless felt a natural resentment at finding their ideas forestalled and, moreover, inadequately presented.

The famous manifesto of the Pléiade, the Défense et illustration de la langue française (Defense and Illustration of the French Language, 1549), was at once a complement and a refutation of Sébillet's treatise. This book (inspired in part by Sperone Speroni's Dialogo delle lingue, 1542) was the expression of the literary principles of the Pléiade as a whole, but although Ronsard was the chosen leader, its redaction was entrusted to du Bellay. This work also bolstered French political debate as a means of learned men to reform their country. To obtain a clear view of the reforms aimed at by the Pléiade, the Defence should be further considered in connection with Ronsard's Abrégé d'art poétique and his preface to the Franciade. Du Bellay maintained that the French language as it was then constituted was too poor to serve as a medium for the higher forms of poetry, but he contended that by proper cultivation it might be brought on a level with the classical tongues. He condemned those who despaired of their mother tongue, and used Latin for their more serious and ambitious work. For translations from the ancients he would substitute imitations, though he does not in the Defense explain precisely how one is to go about this. Not only were the forms of classical poetry to be imitated, but a separate poetic language and style, distinct from those employed in prose, were to be used. The French language was to be enriched by a development of its internal resources and by discreet borrowing from Italian, Latin and Greek. Both du Bellay and Ronsard laid stress on the necessity of prudence in these borrowings, and both repudiated the charge of wishing to Latinize their mother tongue. The book was a spirited defence of poetry and of the possibilities of the French language; it was also a declaration of war on those writers who held less heroic views.

The violent attacks made by du Bellay on Marot and his followers, and on Sébillet, did not go unanswered. Sébillet replied in the preface to his translation of the Iphigenia of Euripides; Guillaume des Autels, a Lyonnese poet, reproached du Bellay with ingratitude to his predecessors, and showed the weakness of his argument for imitation as opposed to translation in a digression in his Réplique aux furieuses defenses de Louis Meigret (Lyons, 1550); Barthélemy Aneau, regent of the Collège de la Trinité at Lyons, attacked him in his Quintil Horatian (Lyons, 1551), the authorship of which was commonly attributed to Charles Fontaine. Aneau pointed out the obvious inconsistency of inculcating imitation of the ancients and depreciating native poets in a work professing to be a defence of the French language.

Du Bellay replied to his various assailants in a preface to the second edition (1550) of his sonnet sequence Olive, with which he also published two polemical poems, the Musagnaeomachie, and an ode addressed to Ronsard, Contre les envieux fioles. Olive, a collection of sonnets modeled after the poetry of Petrarch, Ariosto, and contemporary Italians published by Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari, first appeared in 1549. With it were printed thirteen odes entitled Vers lyriques. Olive has been supposed to be an anagram for the name of a Mlle Viole, but there is little evidence of real passion in the poems, and they may perhaps be regarded as a Petrarchan exercise, especially as, in the second edition, the dedication to his lady is exchanged for one to Marguerite de Valois, sister of Henry II. Du Bellay did not actually introduce the sonnet into French poetry, but he acclimatized it; and when the fashion of sonneteering became a mania he was one of the first to ridicule its excesses.

About this time du Bellay had a serious illness of two years' duration, from which dates the beginning of his deafness. He had further anxieties in the guardianship of his nephew. The boy died in 1553, and Joachim, who had up to this time borne the title of sieur de Liré, became seigneur of Gonnor. In 1549 he had published a Recueil de poésies dedicated to the Princess Marguerite. This was followed in 1552 by a version of the fourth book of the Aeneid, with other translations and some occasional poems.

In the next year he went to Rome as one of the secretaries of Cardinal du Bellay. To the beginning of his four and a half years' residence in Italy belong the forty-seven sonnets of his Antiquités de Rome, published in 1558. Sonnet III of the Antiquités, "Nouveau venu qui cherches Rome en Rome," has been shown to reflect the direct influence of a Latin poem by a Renaissance writer named Jean or Janis Vitalis. The Antiquités were rendered into English by Edmund Spenser (The Ruins of Rome, 1591), and the sonnet "Nouveau venu qui cherches Rome en Rome" was rendered into Spanish by Francisco de Quevedo ("A Roma sepultada en sus ruinas," 1650). These sonnets were more personal and less imitative than the Olive sequence, and struck a note which was revived in later French literature by Volney and Chateaubriand. His stay in Rome was, however, a real exile. His duties were those of an attendant. He had to meet the cardinal's creditors and to find money for the expenses of the household. Nevertheless, he found many friends among Italian scholars, and formed a close friendship with another exiled poet whose circumstances were similar to his own, Olivier de Magny.

Towards the end of his sojourn in Rome he fell violently in love with a Roman lady called Faustine, who appears in his poetry as Columba and Columbelle. This passion finds its clearest expression in the Latin poems. Faustine was guarded by an old and jealous husband, and du Bellay's eventual conquest may have had something to do with his departure for Paris at the end of August 1557. In the next year he published the poems he had brought back with him from Rome, the Latin Poemata, the Antiquités de Rome, the Divers Jeux Rustiques, and the 191 sonnets of the Regrets, the greater number of which were written in Italy. The Regrets show that he had moved away from the theories of the Défence.

The simplicity and tenderness specially characteristic of du Bellay appear in the sonnets telling of his unlucky passion for Faustine, and of his nostalgia for the banks of the Loire. Among them are some satirical sonnets describing Roman manners, and the later ones written after his return to Paris are often appeals for patronage. His intimate relations with Ronsard were not renewed, but he formed a close friendship with the scholar Jean de Morel, whose house was the centre of a learned society. In 1559 du Bellay published at Poitiers La Nouvelle Manière de faire son profit des lettres, a satirical epistle translated from the Latin of Adrien Turnèbe, and with it Le Poète courtisan, which introduced the formal satire into French poetry. The Nouvelle Manière is believed to be directed at Pierre de Paschal, who was elected as royal historiographer, and who had promised to write Latin biographies of the great, but who in fact never wrote anything of the sort. Both works were published under the pseudonym of J Quintil du Troussay, and the courtier-poet was generally supposed to be Mellin de Saint-Gelais, with whom du Bellay had always, however, been on friendly terms.

Last works and death

A long and eloquent Discours au roi (detailing the duties of a prince, and translated from a Latin original written by Michel de l'Hôpital, now lost) was dedicated to Francis II in 1559, and is said to have secured for the poet a tardy pension, although it was not published until 1567, after his death. In Paris he was still in the employ of the cardinal, who delegated to him the lay patronage which he still retained in the diocese. In the exercise of these functions Joachim quarrelled with Eustache du Bellay, bishop of Paris, who prejudiced his relations with the cardinal, less cordial since the publication of the outspoken Regrets. His chief patron, Marguerite de Valois, to whom he was sincerely attached, had gone to Savoy. Du Bellay's health was weak; his deafness seriously hindered his official duties; and on 1 January 1560 he died at the age of 38. There is no evidence that he was in priest's orders, but he was a clerk, and as such held various preferments. He had at one time been a canon of Notre Dame of Paris, and was accordingly buried in the cathedral. The statement that he was nominated archbishop of Bordeaux during the last year of life is unauthenticated by documentary evidence and is in itself extremely improbable.

Bibliography

The best edition of his collected works in French is still that produced by Henri Chamard in six volumes. Also, there are the Œuvres francaises (2 vols., 1866–1867), edited with introduction and notes by C. Marty-Laveaux in his Pléiade française. His Œuvres choisies were published by L. Becq de Fouquières in 1876. The chief source of his biography is his own poetry, especially the Latin elegy addressed to Jean de Morel, "Elegia ad Janum Morellum Ebredunensem, Pytadem suum," printed with a volume of Xenia (Paris, 1569). A study of his life and writings by H. Chamard, forming vol. viii. of the Travaux et mémoires de l'université de Lille (Lute, 1900), contains all the available information and corrects many common errors.

Notes

References

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Du Bellay, Joachim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 616–617.

Further reading

• Sainte-Beuve, Tableau de la poésie française au XVI siècle (1828)
• La Défense et illust. de la langue française (1905), with biographical and critical introduction by Léon Séché, who also wrote Joachim du Bellay--documents nouveaux et inédits (1880), and published in 1903 the first volume of a new edition of the Œuvres
• Lettres de Joachim du Bellay (1884), edited by Pierre de Nolhac
• Walter Pater, "Joachim du Bellay", essay in The Renaissance (1873) [1] pp. 155–176
• George Wyndham, Ronsard and La Pléiade (1906)
• Hilaire Belloc, Avril (1905)
• Arthur Tilley, The Literature of the French Renaissance (2 vols., 1904).
• Ursula Hennigfeld, Der ruinierte Körper. Petrarkistische Sonette in transkultureller Perspektive. Königshausen & Neuman, Würzburg (2008).

External links

• Works by or about Joachim du Bellay at Internet Archive
• Works by Joachim du Bellay at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Biography, Bibliography, Analysis (in French)
• University of Virginia's Gordon Project A 1569 edition of du Bellay's works and background information
• The first complete translation into English of Du Bellay's Antiquités de Rome since Spenser Archived 2007-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
• Lyrics of the French Renaissance: Marot, Du Bellay, Ronsard By Norman R. Shapiro - (in French and English) - Google books

Jacques Pelletier du Mans, also spelled Peletier (Latin: Iacobus Peletarius Cenomani, 25 July 1517 – 17 July 1582) was a humanist, poet and mathematician of the French Renaissance.

Life

Born in Le Mans into a bourgeois family, he studied at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where his brother Jean was a professor of mathematics and philosophy. He subsequently studied law and medicine, frequented the literary circle around Marguerite de Navarre and from 1541 to 1543 he was secretary to René du Bellay. In 1541 he published the first French translation of Horace's Ars Poetica and during this period he also published numerous scientific and mathematical treatises.

In 1547 he produced a funeral oration for Henry VIII of England and published his first poems (Œuvres poétiques), which included translations from the first two cantos of Homer's Odyssey and the first book of Virgil's Georgics, twelve Petrarchian sonnets, three Horacian odes and a Martial-like epigram; this poetry collection also included the first published poems of Joachim Du Bellay and Pierre de Ronsard (Ronsard would include Jacques Pelletier into his list of revolutionary contemporary poets (La Pléiade). He then began to frequent a humanist circle around Théodore de Bèze, Jean Martin, Denis Sauvage.

In the Renaissance, the French language had acquired many inconsistencies in spelling through attempts to model French words on their Latin roots (see Middle French). Pelletier tried to reform French spelling in his 1550 treatise Dialoguɇ Dɇ l’Ortografɇ e Prononciation Françoęſɇ ("Dialogue on French spelling and pronunciation"), advocating a phonetic-based spelling using new typographic signs which he would continue to use in all his published works. In this system, he consistently spells his name with one "l": Iacquɇs Pɇlɇtier du Mans.

Pelletier was principal of the Collège de Bayeux and subsequently spent many years in Bordeaux, Poitiers, Piedmont (where he may have been the tutor of the son of Maréchal de Brissac), and Lyon (where he frequented the poets and humanists Maurice Scève, Louise Labé, Olivier de Magny and Pontus de Tyard). In 1555 he published a manual of poetic composition, Art poétique français, a Latin oration calling for peace from King Heney II and Emperor Charles V, and a new collection of poetry, L'Amour des amours (consisting of a sonnet cycle and a series of encyclopedic poems describing meteors, planets and the heavens), which would influence that poets Guillaume du Bartas and Jean-Antoine de Baïf.

His last years were spent in travels to the Savoy, Germany, Switzerland, possibly Italy and various regions in France and in publishing numerous works in Latin on algebra, geometry and mathematics and medicine (including a refutation of Galen and a work on the plague). In 1572, he was briefly director of the College of Aquitaine in Bordeaux, but, bored by the position, he resigned. During this period, he was friends with Michel de Montaigne and Pierre de Brach. In 1579, he returned to Paris and was named director of the College of Le Mans. A final collection of poetry Louanges was published in 1581.

Pelletier died in Paris in July or August 1582.

New naming convention for large numbers

While maintaining the original system of the French mathematician Nicolas Chuquet (1484) for the names of large numbers, Jacques Pelletier promoted milliard for 10¹² which had been used earlier by Budaeus. In the late 17th century, milliard was subsequently reduced to 10⁹. This convention is used widely in long scale countries.

References

• (in French) Simonin, Michel, ed. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises - Le XVIe siècle. Paris: Fayard, 2001. ISBN 2-253-05663-4
• Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine, Le Mans, 2000, passim.

Further reading

• Cecchetti, Dario (2013). ""Jacques Peletier du Mans, Œuvres complètes", Studi Francesi". Studi Francesi (in Italian) (169 (LVII - I)): 158. doi:10.4000/studifrancesi.3359. ISSN 0039-2944. OCLC 8665852682.

See also

• English-language numerals
• French Renaissance literature
• Humanism
• Names of large numbers
• Nicolas Chuquet
• List of numbers
• Long and short scales

The University of Poitiers (UP; French: Université de Poitiers) is a public university located in Poitiers, France. It is a member of the Coimbra Group. It is multidisciplinary and contributes to making Poitiers the city with the highest student/inhabitant ratio in France by welcoming nearly 28,000 students in 2017.

The University of Poitiers represents a global operating budget of around 150 million euros per year, one-third of which is for operating and investment costs and two-thirds for personnel costs. As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University.

History

Founded in 1431 by Pope Eugene IV and chartered by King Charles VII, the University of Poitiers was originally composed of five faculties: theology, canon law, civil law, medicine, and arts.

In the 16th century, the university exerted its influence over the town cultural life, and was ranked second only to Paris. Of the 4,000 students who attended it at the time, some were to become famous: Joachim Du Bellay, Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, François Rabelais, René Descartes, and Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, to name but a few.

After temporary closure during the French Revolution when provincial universities were abolished, the University of Poitiers reopened in 1796. The reinstated university was merged from several schools and contained new faculties such as the faculty of science and the faculty of letters.

They established the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers, a department which trains engineers, in 1984 after having created the Institut de sciences et techniques de Poitiers, its predecessor.

The first Confucius Institute in France was created on the campus in 2005 with the cooperation of Nanchang University and Jiujiang University.

After having managed its payroll and budget since January 1, 2010, the University of Poitiers is the third university in France to have its premises.

In late 2011 the university changed its logo. They submitted four so that students and the staff were able to decide. The up-to-date logo is based on the original coat of arms while the former was something modern. Over 9,000 people participated in the selection of the new logo.

In 2012, the university launched a blogging platform where the teaching staff and researchers deal with topical subjects, each in their area of expertise. The slogan is the word of experts.

Organization

The university covers all major academic fields through its 14 teaching and research departments, institutes and schools:

• Teaching and Research Departments
  • Department of Law and Social Sciences
  • Department of Economics
  • Department of Basic and Applied Science
  • Department of Literature and Languages
  • Department of Human Sciences and Arts
  • Department of Sports Sciences
  • Department of Medicine and Pharmacy
• School
  • Graduate Engineering School - École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP)
• Institutes
  • Polytechnic of Poitiers (IUT)
  • Polytechnic of Angoulême (IUT)
  • IAE University Business School (IAE Poitiers)
  • Institute of Communication and New Technologies (ICOMTEC)
  • General Administration Preparatory Institute (IPAG)
  • Institute of Industrial, Insurance and Financial Risks (IRIAF)

Research

In the scientific domain, it has these laboratories, where ENSIP is part of:

• LIAS: automatics
• IC2MP: chemistry and materials
• Institut Pprime: physics

In the legal domain, the Center for Studies on International Legal Cooperation (CECOJI) is a joint research unit (UMR) involving the University of Poitiers and the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).

Life on campus

Students can play in athletic teams, or just enjoy all the sports proposed. It is also possible to play golf at the north of the campus of Poitiers and sail in La Rochelle.

The Bitards are also known as the university's most famous student association.

Notable people

Medieval

• Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) - Greek and Hebrew scholar
• François Rabelais (c.1490-1553) - writer
• Hubert Languet (1518-1581) - diplomat
• Joachim du Bellay (c.1522-1560) - poet, critic
• Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585) - poet
• François Viète (1540-1603) - mathematician
• Robert Hayman (1575-1629) - poet and colonist
• Georg Anton von Rodenstein (1579-1652) - bishop
• René Descartes (1596-1650) - philosopher
• Joseph-François Lafitau (1681-1746) - Jesuit missionary, ethnologist, and naturalist

Modern

Humanities

• Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854-1936) - anthropologist
• Alfred Jeanroy (1859-1953) - linguist
• José Fernández Montesinos (1897-1972) - historian and literary critic
• Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) - philosopher
• Edmond-René Labande (1908-1992) - archivist and historian
• Mikel Dufrenne (1910-1995) - philosopher
• Roger Garaudy (1913-2012) - philosopher
• John Howard Griffin (1920-1980) - American journalist and author
• Jean Foyer (1921-2008) - lawyer and politician
• Pierre Bec (1921-2014) - poet and linguist
• Michel Clouscard (1928-2009) - philosopher and sociologist
• Jean-Claude Coquet (1928-2023) - linguist and semiotician
• Samir Amin (1931-2018) - economist
• Kweku Etrew Amua-Sekyi (1933-2007) - Ghanaian Supreme Court Judge
• Claude Hagège (b. 1936) - linguist
• Joaquim Chissano (b. 1939) - Mozambican politician
• Pascal Salin (b. 1939) - economist
• Pascoal Mocumbi (1941-2023) - Mozambican politician
• Jean-Pierre Arrignon (1943-2021) - historian
• Jean-Luc Marion (b. 1946) - philosopher
• François-Bernard Huyghe (1951-2022) - political scientist
• Pascale Ballet (b. 1953) - Egyptologist

Science

• Jules Gosselet (1832-1916) - geologist
• Édouard Louis Trouessart (1842-1927) - zoologist
• Noël Bernard (1874-1911) - botanist
• Henri Lebesgue (1875-1941) - mathematician
• René Maurice Fréchet (1878-1973) - mathematician
• Paul Becquerel (1879-1955) - biologist
• Albert Maige (1872-1943) - botanist
• Michel Lazard (1924-1987) - mathematician
• Michel Brunet (b. 1940) - paleontologist
• Mostafa Mir-Salim (b. 1947) - engineer
• Abderrazak El Albani - sedimentologist

Points of interest

• Jardin botanique universitaire de Poitiers

See also

• Bitard
• List of medieval universities

Notes and references

External links

• Official website (in French)

The former French Catholic diocese of Grasse was founded in the 4th or 5th century as the diocese of Antibes. It was originally suffragan to the Archbishop of Aix, and then to the Archbishop of Embrun. The see moved from Antibes to Grasse in 1244. It remained at Grasse Cathedral until the French Revolution. The diocese was suppressed by the Concordat of 1801, its territory passing to the diocese of Nice.

History

The city of Antibes was a colony of the Greek city of Massilia (Marseille). The Romans included it in the Alpes Maritimae. In church organization, Antibes belonged to the Province of Alpes Maritimae, whose Metropolitan was the Archbishop of Aix. Its Metropolitan later, before 1056, became the Archbishop of Embrun.

The first known Bishop of Antibes is Armentarius who attended the Council of Vaison in 442.

Louis Duchesne considered it possible that the Remigius, who signed at the Council of Nîmes in 396 and in 417 received a letter from Pope Zosimus, may have been Bishop of Antibes before Armentarius. Ralph Matheson, however, believes that this Remigius was Remigius of Aix.

On 19 July 1244, Pope Innocent IV transferred the seat of the diocese from the port city of Antibes to the interior city of Grasse, due to a depopulation of Antibes and the repeated attacks of pirates, propter insalubritatem aeris et incursus piratorum.

In 1181, King Idelfonso of Aragon granted Bishop Fulco of Antibes the seigneurial rights over the city of Antibes.

The cathedral of Grasse was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and was supervised by a Chapter composed of (originally) five dignities (Provost, Sacristan, Archdeacon, 'capiscolo' [Scholasticus] and Archpriest) and four Canons (one of whom was designated the Theologus). The office of Provost, however, was abolished on 30 July 1692. The office of Archdeacon of Grasse was established by Bishop Bernardo de Castronovo on 16 May 1421.

The diocese of Grasse was suppressed by decree of the Legislative Assembly of France on 22 November 1790.

The arrondissement of Grasse was separated from the diocese of Fréjus in 1886, and given to the bishopric of Nice which since unites the three former Dioceses of Nice, Grasse and Vence.

Bishops of Antibes

Bishops of Grasse

from 1245 to 1505

from 1505 to 1791

See also

• Catholic Church in France
• List of Catholic dioceses in France

References

Bibliography

Reference works

• Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. (Use with caution; obsolete)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus (ed.); Gulik, Guilelmus (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
• Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.

Studies

• Aubert, Alexandre (1869). Histoire civile et religieuse d'Antibes (in French). Antibes: Marchand.
• Bianchi, Constant. "L'application de la Constitution civile du clergé dans l'ancien diocèse de Grasse," Annales de la Société scientifique et littéraire de Cannes, 13 (1951–54), pp. 97–108.
• Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sid-Est (second ed.). Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 288-289.
• Doublet, Georges (1907). L'ancienne cathédrale de Grasse (in French). Vol. première partie. Nice: Impr. réunies Malvano et aux arts et métiers.
• Doublet, Georges (1915). Recueil des actes concernant les évêques d'Antibes (in French and Latin). Paris: Picard. Downloadable from Hathi Trust.
• Du Tems, Hugues (1775). Le clergé de France (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Brunet. pp. 288–307.
• Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. p. 78.
• Moris, Henri; Blanc, Edmond (1883). Cartulaire de L'abbaye de Lérins (in French and Latin). Vol. première partie. Paris: H. Champion. ISBN 978-5-87682-826-2.
• Moris, Henri (1905). Cartulaire de L'abbaye de Lérins (in French and Latin). Vol. deuxième partie. Paris: H. Champion. ISBN 978-5-87682-827-9.
• Sainte-Marthe, Denis de (1725). Gallia Christiana, in Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa (in Latin). Vol. Tomus Tertius (3). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. pp. 1146–1211, Instrumenta, pp. 190–194 and 210–234.
• Tisserand, Eugène (1876). Histoire d'Antibes (in French). Antibes: J. Marchand.
• Recueil des historiens de la France: Pouillés (in French and Latin). Vol. Tome VIII. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1923.

Acknowledgment

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1911). "Diocese of Nice". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.